Table 2.
Summary of Some Known Inflammatory Mediators, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Reactive Oxygen Species in Mice and Humans
| Inflammatory mediators | Mouse | Human | Major cellular/tissue source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokines | |||
| IL-1α | x | x | Monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells |
| IL-1β | x | x | Monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells |
| IL-2 | x | x | Th1 cells |
| IL-3 | x | x | Activated T helper cells, mast cells, NK cells, endothelium, and eosinophils |
| IL-4 | x | x | Th2 cells, mast cells, macrophages, and basophils |
| IL-5 | x | x | Th2 cells, mast cells, and eosinophils |
| IL-6 | x | x | Monocyte/macrophages, Th2, B cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial and endothelial cells |
| IL-7 | x | x | Thymus and bone marrow stromal cells, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and hepatocytes |
| IL-9 | x | x | Th2 cells |
| IL-10 | x | x | Th2 cells, B cells, and monocytes |
| IL-12 p40 | x | x | Macrophages, B cells, and Langerhans cells |
| IL-12 p70 | x | x | Macrophages, B cells, and Langerhans cells |
| IL-13 | x | x | Th2 cells, mast cells, and NK cells |
| IL-15 | x | x | Epithelial cells and monocytes |
| IL-17A | x | x | Neutrophils, mast cells, activated memory T cells, and γδ T cells |
| IL-21 | x | x | Activated T helper cells and NK cells |
| IL-22 | x | x | Th17 cells |
| IL-23 | x | x | Macrophages and dendritic cells |
| IL-24 | x | x | Melanocytes, keratinocytes, monocytes, and T cells |
| IL-25/17E | x | x | T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and mucosal epithelial cells |
| IL-26 | x | x | T cells and monocytes |
| IL-27 | x | x | Macrophages and dendritic cells |
| IL-33 | x | x | Th2 cells, mast cells, and group 2 innate lymphocytes |
| IFN-α | x | x | Macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphoblastoid cells |
| IFN-γ | x | x | Th1 cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells |
| TNF-α | x | x | Monocyte/macrophages, T cells, and fibroblasts |
| GM-CSF | x | x | T cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages |
| TGF-β1 | x | x | Neutrophils and macrophages |
| Chemokines | |||
| RANTES (CCL5) | x | x | T cells and epithelial cells |
| MCP-1 (CCL2) | x | x | Monocyte/macrophages, dendritic cells (immature), memory T cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and epithelial cells |
| MIP-1α (CCL3) | x | x | Monocytes, fibroblasts, and activated T cells |
| MIP-1β (CCL4) | x | x | Monocytes, fibroblasts, and activated T cells |
| Eotaxin (CCL11) | x | x | Th2, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells |
| KC (CXCL1) | x | – | Neutrophils, monocytes, microvascular endothelium |
| IL-8 (CXCL8) | – | x | Neutrophils, monocyte/macrophages, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells |
| IP-10 (CXCL10) | x | x | Th1, mast cells, monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and mesangial cells |
| MIG (CXCL9) | x | x | Th1, mast cells, and mesangial cells |
| IL-8RA (CXCR1) | – | x | Neutrophils |
| PPBP (CXCL7) | – | x | Platelets |
| I-TAC (CXCL11) | – | x | Leucocytes, pancreas, liver, thymus, spleen, and lung |
| MCP-4 (CCL13) | – | x | Monocytes, T cells, eosinophils, and basophils |
| HCC-1 (CCL14) | – | x | Spleen, bone marrow, liver, muscle, and intestine |
| MIP-5 (CCL15) | – | x | Liver, small intestine, colon, and macrophages of lung |
| PARC (CCL18) | – | x | Monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells |
| MPIF-1 (CCL23) | – | x | Lung, liver, bone marrow, and placenta |
| MRP-1 (CCL6) | x | – | Neutrophil and macrophages |
| MIP-1γ (CCL9) | x | – | Follicle-associated epithelium |
| Lungkine (CXCL15) | x | – | Epithelial cells of lung, mucosa of gastrointestinal and urogenital tract |
| MCP-5 (CCL12) | x | – | Lymph node and thymus |
| DAMPs | Derived from many sources within the cell, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria | ||
| HMGB1 | x | x | |
| Heat shock proteins | x | x | |
| Hyaluronan | x | x | |
| Heparan sulfate | x | x | |
| Uric acid | x | x | |
| Galectins | x | x | |
| Thioredoxin | x | x | |
| Adenosine | x | x | |
| S100 | x | x | |
| DNA | x | x | |
| PAMPs | Molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system | ||
| Lipopolysaccharide | Gram-negative bacteria | ||
| Diaminopimelic acid | |||
| Porins | |||
| Peptidoglycan | Gram-positive bacteria | ||
| Lipoteichoic acid | |||
| Lipopeptide | |||
| Lipoarabinomannan | |||
| Chitin | Fungi | ||
| β Glucans | |||
| Zymosan | |||
| Double- and single-stranded RNA | Viruses | ||
| Hemagglutinin | |||
| CpG unmethylated DNA | Bacteria, viruses, protozoa | ||
| Flagellin | Flagellated bacteria | ||
| GPI-mucin | Protozoa | ||
| Glycoinositol phospholipids | |||
| Reactive oxygen species | Chemically reactive molecules formed as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling, homeostasis, and immune regulation | ||
| Peroxides | x | x | |
| Superoxide | x | x | |
| Hydroxyl radical | x | x | |
| Singlet oxygen | x | x | |
Mediators/molecules that are present in either mice or humans are signified by (x), whereas those that are absent are signified by (–).
DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; IL, interleukin; IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIG, monokine induced by gamma interferon; NK, natural killer; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.