Figure 1.

Summary of experiments seeking evidence of gesture imitation in human newborns up to six-weeks old (adapted from Ray & Heyes [13]). ‘Gesture type’ refers to the target or modelled movement. Open bars indicate the number of published experiments reporting positive cross-target comparisons (i.e. infants performed the target action more often after observing the target action than after observing an alternative action). Filled bars indicate the number of published experiments reporting failure to find a significant difference in cross-target comparison. The number above each bar indicates average sample size.