Table 3. Global, all-age, all-cause deaths, and DALYs for both sexes combined attributable to each risk factor in 1990 and 2013 with 95% uncertainty intervals.
| 1990 deaths (in thousands) | 2013 deaths (in thousands) | Median percent change deaths | Median percent change of age-standardised deaths PAF | 1990 DALYs (in thousands) | 2013 DALYs (in thousands) | Median percent change DALYs | Median percent change of age-standardised DALYs PAF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All risk factors | 25 085 (24 385 to 25 821) | 30 839 (29 719 to 31 949) | 23·0% (19·0 to 27·3) | 0·6% (−1·0 to 2·0) | 1 035 987 (980 813 to 1 092 478) | 996 554 (927 157 to 1 072 340) | −3·8% (−7·7 to −0·1) | −3·8% (−6·0 to −1·8) |
| Environmental risks | 8492 (8036 to 8953) | 8181 (7651 to 8726) | −3·7% (−9·6 to 2·4) | −15·5% (−19·8 to 11·1) | 400 345 (374 489 to 424 432) | 289 517 (265 778 to 312 094) | −27·7% (−32·1 to −23·2) | −22·6% (−26·1 to −19·1) |
|
Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing |
2727 (2530 to 2952) | 1399 (1237 to 1576) | −48·8% (−53·6 to −43·7) | −44·9% (−49·6 to −40·0) | 190 423 (174 685 to 208 033) | 83 867 (72 879 to 95 568) | −56·0% (−60·6 to −50·9) | −45·6% (−50·8 to −40·1) |
| Unsafe water source | 2434 (1971 to 2763) | 1246 (989 to 1464) | −48·8% (−53·7 to −43·9) | −45·0% (−49·7 to −40·1) | 170 053 (137 216 to 193 963) | 75 125 (59 952 to 89 756) | −55·9% (−60·4 to −50·8) | −45·5% (−50·7 to −40·0) |
| Unsafe sanitation | 1785 (1613 to 1959) | 816 (707 to 921) | −54·4% (−58·8 to −49·8) | −51·1% (−55·5 to −46·9) | 124 049 (111 394 to 137 303) | 49 039 (41 770 to 56 227) | −60·5% (−64·8 to −56·0) | −51·3% (−56·3 to −46·4) |
| No handwashing with soap |
1010 (798 to 1204) | 517 (408 to 621) | −48·9% (−53·7 to −43·8) | −45·0% (−49·8 to −40·2) | 70 389 (55 414 to 84 417) | 30 721 (24 281 to 37 626) | −56·4% (−60·9 to −51·6) | −46·1% (−51·3 to −40·5) |
| Air pollution | 4808 (4459 to 5157) | 5527 (5109 to 5944) | 14·8% (5·8 to 25·3) | −8·0% (−15·0 to −0·2) | 157 831 (145 269 to 171 007) | 141 456 (130 071 to 153 652) | −10·5% (−17·4 to −2·8) | −12·7% (−19·2 to −5·7) |
| Ambient particulate matter pollution |
2238 (2154 to 2317) | 2926 (2777 to 3066) | 30·7% (25·2 to 36·5) | 2·9% (0·7 to 5·1) | 68 120 (64 972 to 71 405) | 69 673 (65 585 to 73 552) | 2·3% (−3·4 to 8·2) | −3·0% (−6·6 to 0·8) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels |
2857 (2482 to 3216) | 2893 (2463 to 3303) | 1·3% (−13·4 to 18·8) | −17·2% (−30·0 to −2·8) | 101 643 (88 877 to 115 053) | 81 087 (70 025 to 92 802) | −20·2% (−29·5 to −9·4) | −20·4% (−30·5 to −9·1) |
| Ambient ozone pollution |
133 (105 to 162) | 217 (161 to 272) | 63·8% (14·5 to 125·1) | 19·8% (−16·3 to 60·6) | 3038 (2296 to 3814) | 5073 (3576 to 6620) | 66·9% (12·2 to 137·1) | 32·5% (−11·0 to 84·6) |
|
Other environmental risks |
731 (523 to 965) | 945 (663 to 1279) | 29·2% (17·1 to 40·5) | −1·9% (−9·2 to 4·7) | 17 015 (12 567 to 22 173) | 18 822 (13 300 to 25 407) | 10·5% (0·4 to 20·1) | −9·4% (−16·6 to −2·3) |
| Residential radon | 63 (41 to 86) | 92 (61 to 128) | 46·3% (13·1 to 87·9) | 13·8% (−11·7 to 44·3) | 1503 (984 to 2086) | 1979 (1331 to 2768) | 31·7% (2·4 to 67·6) | 7·1% (−17· to − 36·9) |
| Lead exposure | 668 (465 to 899) | 853 (572 to 1181) | 27·6% (15·1 to 39·1) | −3·3% (−10·8 to 3·7) | 15 512 (10 967 to 20 727) | 16 843 (11 494 to 23 505) | 8·5% (−2·4 to 18·3) | −10·9% (−18·9 to −3·8) |
| Occupational risks | 562 (509 to 629) | 717 (641 to 803) | 27·7% (13·4 to 42·5) | 4·0% (−5·7 to 14·0) | 43 879 (35 819 to 52 859) | 55 352 (44 589 to 67 890) | 26·2% (16·3 to 36·1) | 10·2% (2·9 to 18·0) |
| Occupational carcinogens |
152 (135 to 174) | 304 (263 to 341) | 100·7% (78·5 to 116·2) | 52·4% (36·1 to 63·6) | 3149 (2789 to 3543) | 5803 (5076 to 6526) | 84·7% (66·2 to 101·4) | 48·5% (34·2 to 60·8) |
| Occupational exposure to asbestos |
94 (76 to 116) | 194 (155 to 233) | 109·6% (72·4 to 132·2) | 56·2% (28·9 to 74·2) | 1773 (1425 to 2211) | 3402 (2725 to 4113) | 93·4% (63·5 to 117·3) | 53·4% (29·9 to 72·4) |
| Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
3 (2 to 3) | 6 (5 to 7) | 120·2% (101·8 to 139·3) | 71·4% (58·4 to 85·1) | 60 (51 to 71) | 125 (102 to 146) | 105·9% (88·3 to 126·2) | 67·4% (52·8 to 82·7) |
| Occupational exposure to silica |
11 (10 to 12) | 21 (19 to 24) | 95·8% (78·9 to 112·6) | 52·8% (41·3 to 64·1) | 248 (223 to 274) | 454 (404 to 509) | 83·0% (67·3 to 100·1) | 49·0% (35·8 to 61·9) |
| Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid |
3 (2 to 4) | 4 (3 to 5) | 29·6% (16·8 to 48·3) | 0·8% (−8·8 to 13·1) | 68 (49 to 91) | 83 (60 to 113) | 21·3% (9·6 to 40·5) | −1·5% (−11·6 to 12·1%) |
| Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene |
0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 100·2% (88·5 to 112·2) | 54·3% (46·1 to 62·7) | 1 (0 to 2) | 2 (0 to 3) | 88·5% (77·3 to 100·2) | 51·7% (42·9 to 61·1) |
| Occupational exposure to arsenic |
2 (2 to 3) | 4 (3 to 4) | 72·7% (56·4 to 90·8) | 34·7% (23·4 to 46·8) | 47 (38 to 58) | 76 (60 to 94) | 61·3% (46·0 to 79·3) | 31·3% (18·6 to 44·9) |
| Occupational exposure to benzene |
2 (1 to 2) | 3 (2 to 3) | 66·2% (57·2 to 75·5) | 32·3% (25·8 to 37·8) | 59 (51 to 68) | 95 (81 to 108) | 59·4% (50·3 to 69·1) | 36·8% (29·1 to 44·4) |
| Occupational exposure to beryllium |
0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 44·3% (30·6 to 62·7) | 12·6% (3·0 to 25·3) | 2 (2 to 3) | 3 (3 to 4) | 34·7% (21·6 to 53·2) | 9·1% (−2·0 to 22·3%) |
| Occupational exposure to cadmium |
0 (0 to 0) | 1 (1 to 1) | 116·6% (97·0 to 137·4%) | 68·6% (54·9 to 82·2) | 8 (7 to 9) | 16 (13 to 19) | 102·8% (84·4 to 123·2) | 64·9% (49·7 to 80·1) |
| Occupational exposure to chromium |
1 (1 to 1) | 3 (2 to 3) | 116·2% (96·7 to 136·7) | 68·3% (54·8 to 81·4) | 28 (25 to 32) | 57 (50 to 65) | 102·3% (83·8 to 123·6) | 64·6% (48·9 to 80·4) |
| Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust |
17 (15 to 20) | 37 (32 to 43) | 116·6% (99·4 to 134·9) | 69·1% (57·2 to 81·3) | 394 (343 to 449) | 797 (690 to 913) | 102·0% (84·6 to 120·8) | 64·4% (50·5 to 78·5) |
| Occupational exposure to second-hand smoke |
19 (17 to 20) | 34 (31 to 37) | 80·5% (66·8 to 94·8) | 40·6% (31·5 to 50·0) | 431 (393 to 465) | 725 (660 to 794) | 68·1% (54·7 to 83·8) | 36·7% (26·0 to 48·3) |
| Occupational exposure to formaldehyde |
1 (0 to 1) | 1 (1 to 1) | 51·1% (34·2 to 67·8) | 20·9% (9·3 to 32·2) | 20 (16 to 25) | 29 (23 to 35) | 43·3% (26·9 to 59·7) | 21·3% (8·6 to 34·3) |
| Occupational exposure to nickel |
6 (4 to 8) | 12 (9 to 16) | 103·0% (82·2 to 123·6) | 58·0% (42·7 to 73·1) | 135 (103 to 173) | 257 (193 to 326) | 90·5% (70·8 to 110·7) | 54·6% (38·4 to 71·0) |
| Occupational asthmagens |
63 (48 to 93) | 52 (42 to 70) | −18·4% (−32·9 to 5·2) | −34·2% (−46·8 to −17·1) | 2903 (2310 to 3909) | 2771 (2227 to 3521) | −4·7% (−18·1 to 12·0) | −18·1% (−30·5 to −4·4) |
| Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes |
197 (161 to 236) | 205 (164 to 251) | 3·7% (−7·6 to 17·6) | −18·8% (−26·7 to −9·9) | 7212 (5877 to 8545) | 8802 (7012 to 10 740) | 22·0% (10·9 to 34·0) | −0·6% (−8·4 to 8·0) |
| Occupational noise | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5039 (3268 to 7193) | 7119 (4549 to 10 329) | 41·4% (33·9 to 48·0) | 21·4% (15·1 to 27·8) |
| Occupational injuries |
151 (122 to 197) | 159 (127 to 206) | 4·4% (−24·6 to 49·2) | −4·7% (−32·6 to 34·2) | 9776 (7809 to 12 884) | 9947 (7886 to 12 927) | 1·3% (−26·0 to 42·5) | −2·9% (−29·9 to 34·2) |
| Occupational ergonomic factors |
.. | .. | .. | .. | 15 944 (10 747 to 22 276) | 21 109 (14 206 to 29 304) | 32·2% (28·0 to 37·7) | 16·2% (11·2 to 21·8) |
| Behavioural risks | 18 453 (17 419 to 19 480) | 21 909 (20 446 to 23 383) | 18·7% (14·5 to 23·1) | −0·7% (−2·4 to 1·0) | 799 073 (753 589 to 844 178) | 717 608 (667 831 to 771 924) | −10·2% (−14·1 to −6·1) | −7·4% (−9·8 to −5·1) |
|
Child and maternal malnutrition |
4254 (3937 to 4555) | 1665 (1487 to 1840) | −60·8% (−65·0 to −57·1) | −50·5% (−55·9 to −45·5) | 403 951 (371 608 to 432 910) | 176 859 (156 431 to 199 831) | −56·1% (−60·6 to −52·2) | −43·2% (−47·9 to −38·9) |
| Childhood undernutrition |
3635 (3341 to 3888) | 1327 (1169 to 1481) | −63·4% (−67·6 to −59·6) | −53·2% (−58·6 to −48·1) | 317 851 (292 419 to 339 549) | 119 802 (106 565 to 133 359) | −62·2% (−66·3 to −58·5) | −49·9% (−55·1 to −45·0) |
| Childhood underweight |
1080 (886 to 1288) | 386 (309 to 463) | −64·2% (−70·5 to −57·9) | −54·0% (−62·1 to −45·8) | 95 709 (79 446 to 113 315) | 35 806 (29 108 to 42 575) | −62·5% (−68·9 to −56·3) | −50·2% (−58·3 to −42·4) |
| Childhood wasting |
3295 (2802 to 3696) | 1247 (1034 to 1413) | −62·0% (−66·5 to −57·4) | −51·4% (−57·1 to −45·2) | 288 145 (246 038 to 322 526) | 112 350 (94 437 to 127 169) | −60·9% (−65·4 to −56·3) | −48·2% (−53·8 to −42·2) |
| Childhood stunting |
848 (474 to 1339) | 218 (107 to 389) | −74·6% (−79·5 to −68·9) | −67·3% (−73·9 to −60·0) | 73 355 (40 848 to 115 668) | 19 291 (9581 to 34 208) | −73·9% (−79·0 to −68·6) | −65·4% (−72·2 to −58·1) |
| Suboptimal breastfeeding |
1344 (904 to 1834) | 501 (318 to 697) | −62·8% (−67·5 to −58·0) | −52·1% (−58·3 to −45·5) | 116 801 (78 740 to 158 958) | 44 203 (28 205 to 61 650) | −62·3% (−66·8 to −57·6) | −49·6% (−55·7 to −43·4) |
| Non-exclusive breastfeeding |
1155 (743 to 1606) | 442 (264 to 641) | −61·9% (−66·8 to −56·9) | −50·7% (−57·3 to −43·9) | 99 927 (64 457 to 138 645) | 38 502 (23 037 to 55 565) | −61·7% (−66·5 to −56·7) | −48·7% (−55·1 to −42·1) |
| Discontinued breastfeeding |
191 (65 to 349) | 59 (20 to 110) | −69·3% (−74·6 to −63·0) | −60·5% (−67·3 to −52·5) | 17 046 (5804 to 31 059) | 5722 (1898 to 10 599) | −66·6% (−71·7 to −60·5) | −55·4% (−62·1 to −47·6) |
| Iron deficiency | 241 (169 to 344) | 199 (137 to 275) | −17·1% (−33·7 to −0·5) | −21·8% (−35·6 to −7·7) | 53 019 (38 674 to 71 446) | 44 651 (31 844 to 62 304) | −15·6% (−21·5 to −11·5) | −6·5% (−11·3 to −2·0) |
| Vitamin A deficiency |
377 (247 to 522) | 85 (51 to 125) | −77·4% (−82·9 to −71·5) | −71·0% (−78·2 to −63·7) | 32 920 (21 694 to 45 629) | 7875 (4758 to 11 541) | −76·1% (−81·6 to −70·3) | −68·3% (−75·6 to −60·9) |
| Zinc deficiency | 221 (15 to 491) | 66 (4 to 153) | −70·1% (−76·3 to −62·7) | −61·2% (−69·8 to −52·4) | 19 188 (1816 to 41 961) | 5996 (745 to 13 267) | −68·4% (−74·4 to −56·7) | −57·3% (−66·1 to −42·6) |
| Tobacco smoke | 5229 (4816 to 5681) | 6149 (5587 to 6762) | 17·8% (10·9 to 23·9) | −9·6% (−13·2 to −6·3) | 142 341 (131 399 to 153 920) | 143 512 (129 979 to 159 147) | 0·7% (−5·5 to 7·5) | −14·5% (−18·9 to −10·2) |
| Smoking | 4634 (4222 to 5079) | 5818 (5258 to 6435) | 25·7% (17·9 to 32·6) | −5·1% (−9·3 to −1·3) | 115 910 (105 383 to 127 110) | 134 196 (120 872 to 149 759) | 15·8% (8·6 to 23·6) | −7·4% (−12·4 to −2·2) |
| Second hand smoke | 595 (540 to 654) | 331 (308 to 355) | −44·4% (−48·2 to −40·0) | −50·9% (−53·6 to −48·2) | 26 431 (22 494 to 30 676) | 9316 (8417 to 10,277) | −64·7% (−68·3 to −60·8) | −60·2% (−63·3 to −56·9) |
| Alcohol and drug use | 2092 (1671 to 2438) | 3163 (2537 to 3656) | 51·3% (44·3 to 58·4) | 19·4% (15·3 to 23·7) | 89 844 (76 788 to 101 767) | 126 053 (107 154 to 142 356) | 40·2% (34·8 to 46·3) | 23·5% (18·9 to 28·3) |
| Alcohol use | 1977 (1555 to 2329) | 2786 (2146 to 3287) | 40·9% (33·2 to 47·9) | 11·1% (6·9 to 14·8) | 76 029 (63 443 to 87 186) | 99 278 (81 295 to 113 616) | 30·5% (23·9 to 37·0) | 13·6% (8·6 to 18·1) |
| Drug use | 132 (109 to 155) | 429 (381 to 480) | 224·8% (188·0 to 273·4) | 179·5% (147·0 to 222·3) | 14 481 (11 607 to 17 286) | 28 578 (24 505 to 33 104) | 97·4% (83·2 to 114·8) | 89·3% (74·3 to 107·1) |
| Dietary risks | 8068 (6991 to 9159) | 11 274 (9656 to 12 957) | 39·6% (34·1 to 46·2) | 2·9% (0·3 to 5·8) | 177 408 (154 661 to 200 097) | 241 351 (209 634 to 273 339) | 35·9% (29·8 to 43·0) | 7·7% (4·1 to 12·0) |
| Diet low in fruits | 2540 (1686 to 3367) | 3413 (2207 to 4546) | 33·9% (25·6 to 43·3) | 0·1% (−5·2 to 5·9) | 58 710 (39 575 to 76 928) | 74 797 (49 434 to 98 791) | 27·0% (19·0 to 36·0) | 1·7% (−3·8 to 7·9) |
| Diet low in vegetables |
1381 (1094 to 1684) | 1782 (1405 to 2173) | 28·9% (22·3 to 36·6) | −4·8% (−9·4 to −0·1) | 31 283 (24 692 to 38 039) | 39 176 (31 050 to 47 658) | 25·2% (17·9 to 33·2) | −0·4% (−5·4 to 5·1) |
| Diet low in whole grains |
1396 (1066 to 1728) | 2049 (1575 to 2525) | 46·8% (40·8 to 54·2) | 9·2% (5·9 to 13·1) | 34 807 (26 736 to 43 078) | 51 411 (39 500 to 63 286) | 47·6% (40·9 to 56·0) | 18·0% (13·9 to 22·9) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds |
1012 (725 to 1304) | 1195 (816 to 1578) | 17·7% (10·5 to 25·0) | −13·3% (−18·7 to −8·5) | 23 434 (16 643 to 30 134) | 27 109 (18 408 to 36 030) | 15·3% (8·0 to 22·8) | −8·5% (−13·7 to −3·3) |
| Diet low in milk | 66 (19 to 111) | 105 (30 to 177) | 58·1% (51·9 to 63·8) | 18·4% (14·6 to 22·2) | 1515 (434 to 2538) | 2218 (633 to 3713) | 46·3% (39·8 to 52·5) | 17·2% (12·6 to 21·6) |
| Diet high in red meat |
62 (55 to 70) | 102 (89 to 116) | 64·1% (52·8 to 75·8) | 23·0% (14·4 to 32·0) | 2201 (1854 to 2585) | 4147 (3349 to 5026) | 88·2% (75·9 to 101·6) | 50·7% (41·9 to 60·4) |
| Diet high in processed meat |
457 (332 to 622) | 644 (467 to 881) | 41·4% (24·1 to 57·9) | 4·4% (−8·6 to 17·1) | 11 745 (8676 to 15 897) | 17 380 (12 677 to 23 925) | 47·9% (30·9 to 64·0) | 17·3% (3·4 to 29·4) |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages |
60 (44 to 82) | 126 (96 to 166) | 110·1% (88·7 to 141·4) | 64·4% (45·7 to 87·2) | 2712 (2006 to 3635) | 6190 (4665 to 8142) | 128·4% (105·4 to 159·0) | 89·6% (70·2 to 115·3) |
| Diet low in fibre | 716 (587 to 853) | 1009 (817 to 1207) | 40·6% (25·3 to 60·0) | 4·2% (−7·4 to 18·0) | 16 395 (13 496 to 19 433) | 22 098 (17 996 to 26 349) | 35·0% (18·6 to 52·4) | 7·4% (−5·1 to 20·6) |
| Diet suboptimal in calcium |
85 (74 to 97) | 141 (122 to 160) | 64·6% (53·6 to 80·4) | 22·9% (15·2 to 33·1) | 1870 (1605 to 2143) | 2876 (2507 to 3258) | 53·5% (42·8 to 66·9) | 22·9% (15·5 to 33·0) |
| Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids |
712 (530 to 909) | 1031 (769 to 1304) | 44·6% (35·3 to 57·3) | 7·5% (1·9 to 14·3) | 16 285 (12 321 to 20 657) | 22 448 (16 887 to 28 205) | 37·6% (27·7 to 52·7) | 10·1% (2·8 to 19·8) |
| Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
447 (404 to 493) | 581 (512 to 651) | 29·6% (16·9 to 44·7) | −4·5% (−13·7 to 5·2) | 10 033 (9051 to 11 040) | 12 670 (11 103 to 14 342) | 25·9% (13·0 to 41·8) | 0·0% (−9·8 to 11·6) |
| Diet high in trans fatty acids |
464 (311 to 650) | 405 (218 to 645) | −15·0% (−34·0 to 3·7) | −38·3% (−52·2 to −24·5) | 10 644 (7 131 to 14 859) | 9875 (5503 to 15 228) | −8·5% (−29·0 to 9·6) | −28·7% (−43·6 to −14·7) |
| Diet high in sodium | 2562 (1377 to 4041) | 3689 (2028 to 5810) | 44·1% (33·8 to 57·1) | 7·4% (1·3 to 15·5) | 54 620 (29 271 to 86 008) | 74 327 (40 615 to 116 717) | 36·2% (26·5 to 48·7) | 8·4% (1·5 to 17·5) |
|
Sexual abuse and violence |
163 (141 to 188) | 257 (203 to 312) | 57·5% (30·6 to 83·7) | 36·7% (14·9 to 58·9) | 15 133 (12 297 to 18 621) | 21 290 (16 743 to 26 065) | 40·6% (26·4 to 55·7) | 31·8% (19·1 to 46·0) |
| Childhood sexual abuse |
64 (53 to 78) | 68 (55 to 82) | 5·9% (−9·3 to 19·9) | −7·4% (−21·4 to 3·9) | 6896 (5364 to 8667) | 7682 (5910 to 9736) | 11·4% (4·0 to 18·8) | 5·8% (−1·6 to 12·6) |
| Intimate partner violence |
106 (86 to 130) | 197 (146 to 251) | 85·9% (49·6 to 124·8) | 60·9% (30·5 to 93·6) | 9009 (7076 to 11 440) | 14 454 (11 027 to 18 164) | 60·6% (39·6 to 85·1) | 48·8% (29·3 to 71·7) |
| Unsafe sex | 679 (561 to 827) | 1481 (1383 to 1621) | 118·8% (86·2 to 158·1) | 100·5% (76·6 to 129·3) | 39 761 (30 789 to 52 320) | 73 282 (67 015 to 82 478) | 86·1% (51·7 to 127·0) | 97·6% (68·3 to 131·3) |
| Low physical activity | 1489 (1257 to 1741) | 2182 (1858 to 2555) | 46·5% (40·9 to 52·9) | 6·4% (4·0 to 9·2) | 31 247 (26 556 to 36 521) | 45 143 (38 328 to 52 671) | 44·3% (37·2 to 52·8) | 13·6% (9·4 to 18·3) |
| Metabolic risks | 10 398 (9811 to 11 003) | 15 723 (14 719 to 16 767) | 51·2% (46·2 to 57·0) | 10·6% (8·8 to 12·6) | 250 957 (233 711 to 267 582) | 373 817 (343 978 to 403 889) | 48·9% (43·1 to 54·9) | 18·4% (15·3 to 21·7) |
|
High fasting plasma glucose |
2444 (2101 to 2853) | 4014 (3499 to 4641) | 64·4% (56·3 to 73·4) | 21·8% (17·4 to 26·8) | 68 903 (60 506 to 78 071) | 116 893 (101 592 to 133 368) | 69·6% (60·9 to 78·7) | 37·0% (31·6 to 42·6) |
| High total cholesterol | 2204 (1574 to 3126) | 2830 (1966 to 4053) | 28·0% (19·9 to 37·4) | −7·4% (−11·3 to −2·5) | 49 289 (38 075 to 63 764) | 62 715 (49 244 to 80 986) | 26·9% (19·8 to 36·3) | −0·6% (−5·7 to 5·7) |
| High systolic blood pressure |
6949 (6182 to 7665) | 10 364 (9178 to 11 544) | 49·1% (43·2 to 55·2) | 8·8% (6·4 to 11·2) | 143 434 (130 053 to 156 023) | 208 129 (188 307 to 227 509) | 45·1% (38·7 to 52·1) | 14·1% (10·0 to 18·4) |
| High body-mass index |
2724 (2263 to 3187) | 4444 (3716 to 5169) | 63·2% (57·8 to 69·5) | 22·2% (19·0 to 25·4) | 78 310 (65 436 to 92 006) | 134 048 (112 420 to 156 787) | 71·3% (64·4 to 78·0) | 36·3% (32·3 to 40·1) |
| Low bone mineral density |
176 (164 to 198) | 334 (285 to 361) | 92·1% (62·8 to 104·0) | 35·4% (15·4 to 44·6) | 10 903 (8958 to 13 231) | 14 249 (11 658 to 17 500) | 30·6% (20·9 to 40·7) | −1·8% (−9·4 to 6·9) |
| Low glomerular filtration rate |
1310 (1176 to 1480) | 2164 (1960 to 2387) | 65·6% (54·5 to 74·5) | 18·9% (11·1 to 24·8) | 34 159 (30 499 to 38 394) | 51 906 (46 246 to 57 573) | 52·0% (43·5 to 59·3) | 25·5% (18·4 to 31·3) |
DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years. PAF=population attributable fraction.