Table 1.

Applications of nanotechnology in different fields.

application	NP material	references
technology
optics (optical and electro-optical devices, spectrally selective coatings)	Au Ag ZnO Pt	[5,25,35–44] [5,25,37,41–43,45] [46] [37]
medicine
diagnosis and treatment (monitoring of cancer, development of new drugs (anticancer), drug delivery, fabrication of implants, healthcare product (glucose sensor, antimicrobial agent))	Ag Au Pd CuO Pt CuO Fe3O4 ZnO carbon	[5–7,9–10,13,22,25,37,41–43,45,47–73] [14,20,25,35,37,39,56,70–71,74–88] [51] [89] [37] [89] [90–92] [46] [93]
DNA study (labeling, detection, sequencing)	ZnO Au Ag	[46] [74] [53]
decontamination from organics
water purification	ZnO Au	[46] [14]
site remediation (soil, air)	Fe Fe-Pd TiO2	[94–95] [96] [97]
industry
chemical reaction (electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, pigments)	Ag Au Pt Pd Au–Ag Pd–Ag Au–Pd ZnO Pt–Pd	[5,9,19,25,37,42,45,58,60,73,98–102] [14,25,35,37,74,77,79–80,98,101,103] [37] [16] [104] [105] [106] [46] [107]
energy systems (heat transfer devices, energy storage (electrical batteries), solar energy absorption))	Ag Au Au–Ag CuO	[5,42–43,108] [108] [108] [89]
electronics (microelectronics, nanoelectronics, high-conductivity elements fabrication, optoelectronics)	ZnO Au Ag Pt	[46] [14,35–36,39,77,80,109] [9,44,60,100,102,109] [109]
analytical and measuring instruments
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)	Ag Au	[41,44,53,56–57,73,99–100,110–112] [14,35,41,56]
sensors	Ag Au CuO ZnO	[5,43] [35,39,82,113] [89] [46]
biology
biological study (biological labeling, targeted biological interactions , detection of reporter molecules, diagnostic biological probes, biosensing , fluorescent probes)	Ag Fe3O4 Au	[5,42–43,54,66] [90] [36,114]
consumer products
household items (detergents, soaps, shampoos, cosmetic products, and toothpaste)	Ag Au Pt Pd	[7,43,52,115] [115] [115] [115]
food	Ag	[7,43]