ecology |
extinction due to over-harvesting [15,16] |
population |
diffusion among patches of an ecosystem [2,4] |
economics |
boom and bust in the Kaldor model of business cycles [17] |
output (gross domestic product) |
investment between sectors [18], trade [13] and capital flows [19] between countries can synchronize business cycles |
economics |
currency crisis (devaluation or, for a peg, loss of reserves) [20] |
currency value |
changes in macroeconomic fundamentals, sentiment, perceived riskiness, risk aversion [20] and trade [21] |
economics |
poverty trap [22,23] |
well-being (capital, capabilities) |
fractal poverty traps [9] |
finance |
asset price declines [24,25] |
asset price |
asset-to-asset contagion (a bank with a declining asset sells other assets) [26] |
finance |
probability of bank failure [27] |
probability of bank failure |
worry about institutions' creditworthiness spreads contagiously [28] |
technology adoption |
sudden change to new platform [13,29] |
difference between supply and demand of the new platform |
movement of people among distinct markets [14] |
political |
uprisings, revolts [30,31] |
number of protestors |
communication spreads inspiration, successful strategies across borders [11,12,32,33]; raising importance of identity [31] that span borders [34] |