Table 1. Demographic characteristics for matched samples: means, standard deviations and ANOVAs of group and assessment time.
| Baseline (T1) | Follow-up (T2) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | TS a) | ADHD-C b) | TDC | Group comparisons | TS | ADHD-C | TDC | Group comparisons | ||
| (n = 19) | (n = 33) | (n = 50) | Chi-sq./ F | p | (n = 19) | (n = 33) | (n = 50) | Chi-sq./ F | p | |
| Sex (m/f) | 16/3 | 20/13 | 32/18 | (2, 102) = 3,4 | ns | 16/3 | 20/13 | 32/18 | (2, 102) = 3,4 | ns |
| Age in months | 147 (27) | 144 (26) | 144 (24) | (2,99) = .09 | ns | 171 (27) | 168 (26) | 169 (24) | (2,98) = .09 | ns |
| FSIQ c) | 102 (15) | 97 (14) | 104 (13) | (2,99) = 2.6 | ns | 101 (13) | 97 (14) | 106 (13) | (2,93) = 5.3 | <.01 |
| Motor tics, YGTSS d) | 12.1 (7.3) | .33 (1.9) | 0.0 | (2,99) = 102.1 | <.001 | 5.9 (5.0) | .73 (2.6) | .22 (.89) | (2,99) = 29.2 | <.001 |
| Phonic tics, GTSS d) | 10.2 (5.2) | .06 (.35) | 0.0 | (2,99) = 159.6 | <.001 | 5.4 (5.8) | .99 (3.0) | .22 (.89) | (2,99) = 20.2 | <.001 |
| ADHD symptoms e) | 25.6 (14) | 29.9 (9.8) | 2.6 (3.0) | (2,99) = 118.5 | <.001 | 15.9 (10) | 21.0 (12) | 2.2 (2.7) | (2,98) = 54.6 | <.001 |
Note. Tourette’s Syndrome (TS); Typically developing children (TDC); Attention/deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined type (ADHD-C).
a) At baseline (T1), 11 patients with TS had comorbid disorders: 1xObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), 1xOppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), 1x ODD & ADHD-C, 2xADHD-I, 2xADHD-C, 3xAsperger’s syndrome, 1xADHD-I/Asperger’s syndrome. Two received a low dose of Quetiapine and two received a low dose of Aripiprazole, whereas the remaining fifteen participants with TS were medicine naïve upon inclusion and testing. At T2, 7 patients in the TS group no longer satisfied formal diagnostic criteria for a tic disorder; 1 fulfilled criteria for Chronic Motor Tic Disorder. At T2, the two children with TS and either OCD or ODD retained this comorbid diagnosis at T2. One child with TS and no comorbid diagnosis at T1 fulfilled criteria for a comorbid general anxiety disorder at T2.
b) At T1, only two children with ADHD were on any medication, with low doses of Risperidone and Quetiapine, respectively. At T2, 11 retained the diagnosis of ADHD-C; 6 fulfilled criteria for ADHD-I, and 2 no longer fulfilled criteria for ADHD. No other co-occurring disorders were registered in this group.
c) Full scale IQ (FSIQ). IQ estimated measures from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI).
d) Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). The group with TS had significantly more motor and phonic tics than the group with ADHD-C and TDC at T1 and T2.
e) ADHD Rating Scale IV—Total Score. The children with ADHD-C had significantly more ADHD symptoms than TS at T1 and T2, and the children with TS had significantly more ADHD symptoms than the TDC at T1 and T2.