Table 2.
Hemodynamic, autonomic balance, and baroreflex function in CHF models.
| Hemodynamic | Autonomic balance | Baroreflex | References | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BP | HR | U-NE | HRV | Blockers | Oxford | BRS | ||
| MI-CHF | — | — | ↑ | ↓ | Symp. ↑ Parasymp. ↓ |
↓ | ↓ | [13, 55, 61] |
| RP-CHF | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | Symp. ↑ Parasymp. ↓ |
— | ↓ | [33–35, 61, 62] |
| AB-CHF | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ND | — | ND | — | [39] |
| G-CHF | ND | — | ND | ↓ | ND | ND | ND | [41] |
| ACS-CHF | ↓ | — | ↑ | ND | ND | ↓ | ND | [39, 42] |
BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; U-NE: urinary norepinephrine; Blockers: Propranolol/Atropine test; Oxford: baroreflex test address by phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside i.v. infusion; BRS: spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity; ND: not described; ↑: increased; ↓: decreased; and —: without difference compared to control healthy condition. MI-CHF: myocardial infarct chronic heart failure; RP-CHF: rapid pacing chronic heart failure; AB-CHF: aortic banding chronic heart failure; G-CHF: genetic chronic heart failure; ACS-CHF: aortocaval shunt chronic heart failure.