Table 1.

Extraction methods, main components, and antimycobacterial potential of medicinal plant species.

Family	Species	Part used	Extraction method	Solvent(s) used	Main components (or groups)	Antimycobacterial assay methods	Activity/MIC (µg/mL)	Reference
Amaranthaceae	Pupalia lappacea Juss.	Leaves	Hot water extraction	Water	Alkaloids, amino acids, glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, starch, coumarins, terpenoids, and steroids such as 1-docosanol, stearic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol, N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol acetate, setosterol-3-O-D-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol-3-O-D-glucopyranoside, and 20-hydroxyl ecdysone	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5–8]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L.	Bulb large/white cloves	Cold maceration (juice)	Water	Alliin, γ-glutamylcysteine peptides, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins, and sulfides	Proportion method	0.78–6.25 (cited as 0.39–3.13% (V/V))	[5, 9, 10]
		Bulb small/purple cloves	Water/juice				3.13–6.25 (cited as 1.56–3.13% (V/V))	[5]
Anacardiaceae	Sorindeia juglandifolia A. Rich.	Fruit	Cold maceration, column chromatographies (Fractions SJfr 3.2 and SJfr 3.41)	Methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform	C-glycosylflavone, 2′′,6′′-di-O-acetyl-7-O-methyl vitexin, 2′′-O-acetyl-7-O-methyl vitexin, mearnsitrin, robustaflavone, 3-O-galloyl catechin, tachioside, 3о-O-D-glucopyranosyl-о-stigmasterol, methyl gallate, 2,3,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,6-trihydroxymethyl benzoate	REMA	62.5	[11–13]
	Lannea nigritana (Sc. Elliot) Keay	Root	Decoction	Water	Tannins and phenolic compounds (Lanneanol)	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 14]
Annonaceae	Annickia chloranta (Oliv.) Setten and Maas	Stem bark	Maceration	Ethanol	Berberine and protoberberine alkaloids: palmatine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine	REMA	1.95	[11, 15, 16]
		Stem	Interface water-CH2Cl2/ACstI	Partitioned between water and dichloromethane			7.81
	Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. & Diels) Verdc. (cited as Polyalthia suaveolens Engl. & Diels)	Stem bark	Maceration	Ethanol, partitioned between water and dichloromethane and methanol and hexane (methanol fraction)	Polysin, greenwayodendrin-3-one, 3-O-acetyl greenwayodendrin, N-acetylpolyveoline, polyveoline, indolosesquiterpenes, aporphines	REMA	3125	[11, 17, 18]
Apocynaceae	Alstonia boonei De Wild.	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Alkaloids (echitamine, echitamidine, voacangine, akuammidine, N-formylechitamidine, Nα-formyl-12-methoxyechitamidine), tannins, iridoids (boonein, loganin), triterpenoids (lupeol, ursolic acid, β-amyrin)	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 19]
	Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) T. Durand et Schinz	Root	Maceration	70% ethanol	Saponins, polar steroidal glycosides, steroidal glycosides, alkaloids including holaphylline, holaphyllamine, holamine, holaphyllinol, holaphyllidine, holadysamine, holarrhesine, conessine, conanine, conamine, progesterone, norconessine (kurchine), conessimine, kurchamine, conimine, conamine, holarrhenine, holarrhimine, conarrhimine	REMA	125	[20–22]
			Liquid chromatography	Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water (CH2Cl2 fractions)			125	[20]
			Fractionation	70% ethanol, 2% sulfuric acid, hexane, 10% NaOH, dichloromethane (alkaloid enriched fraction extract)			62.5
Araceae	Aglaonema commutatum Schott	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Calcium oxalate crystals	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 23]
Bignoniaceae	Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.	Root	Decoction	Water	Carbohydrates, alkaloids, Tannin glycosides, steroids, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, tannins,glycosides	Proportion method	25 (cited as 12.50% (V/V))	[5, 24–26]
Cleomaceae	Cleome viscosa L.	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Alkaloid, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, carbohydrates	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 27, 28]
Compositae	Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine, dihydrolycopsamine, acetyl-lycopsamine, N-oxides, methoxylated flavonoids, chromenes	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 29]
Euphorbiaceae	Bridelia ferruginea Benth.	Stem bark	Decoction	Water	Polyphenols, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, quercetin derivatives such as rutin, myricetin derivatives gallocatechin-(4′-O-7)-epigallocatechin; 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 1,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylquinic acid; lignans deoxypodophyllotoxin, β-peltatin, β-peltatin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 5′-demethoxy-β-peltatin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 30, 31]
	Jatropha curcas L.	Leaves	Maceration	70% ethanol	Flavonoids, apigenin, vitexin, isovitexin, sterol stigmasterol, β-D-sitosterol, β-D-glucoside, sapogenins, alkaloids, triterpene alcohol, 1-triacontanol	REMA	250	[21, 32]
Humiriaceae	Sacoglottis gabonensis (Baill.) Urb.	Stem bark	Cold maceration	Water	Bergenin, sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids	Proportion method	Growth inhibition in vitro	[33–38]
Leguminosae	Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Syn. Cassia occidentalis L.)	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Acrosin, aloe-emodin, emodin, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin, aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin, chrysoobtusin, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, chrysophanol, chrysoeriol, emodin, essential oils, funiculosin, galactopyranosyl, helminthosporine, islandicine, kaempferol, lignoceric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, mannitol, mannopyranosyl, matteucinol, obtusifolin, obtusin, oleic acid, physcion, quercetin, rhamnosides, rhein, rubrofusarin, sitosterols, tannins, xanthosine	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 39]
Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava L.	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Phenol, tannin (Amritoside: ellagic acid 4-gentiobioside, Guavins A, B, C, and D, isostrictinin (V), strictinin, pedunculagin, (+)-gallocatechin), flavonoid (quercetin and its glycosides, morin-3-O-α-L-lyxopyranoside, morin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, kaempferol, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside), carotenoid, terpenoid, triterpene, isoprenoids (monoterpenes: caryophyllene oxide, β-selinene, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, myrcene, δ-elemene, d-limonene, caryophyllene, linalool, eugenol, β-bisabolol, β-bisabolene, β-sesquiphellandrene, Me 2-methyl-thiazolidine-4-(R)-carboxylate (cis and trans), ethyl 2-methyl-thiazolidine-4-(R)-carboxylate (cis and trans), aromadendrene, α- and β-selinene, caryophyllene epoxide, carophylladienol, (E)-nerolidol, Selin-11-en-4-alpha-ol, and terpenoids: guavanoic acid, guavacoumaric acid, guajanoic acid, ursolic acid, 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, Maslinic acid, asiatic acid, Jacoumaric acid, isoneriucoumaric acid, guajavanoic acid, guajavolide, guavenoic acid)	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 40]
	Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Seed	Decoction	Water	Essential oils, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, methyl amyl ketone, α- and β-humulene, benzaldehyde, methyl salicylate, α-cubebene, α-copaene, γ-cadinene and δ-cadinene β-ylangene and chavicol vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins, gallotannic acid, flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, eugenitin, triterpenoids like oleanolic acid	Proportion method	25 (cited as 12.50% (V/V))	[5, 41]
Plantaginaceae	Gratiola officinalis L.	Bark	Decoction	Water	Alkaloid, flavonoid, saponins, coumarin derivatives, mannitol, glycoside-like substances, Gratiogenin, 16-hydroxygratiogenin, cucurbitacins E and I, glycosides gratiogenin-3beta-D-glucoside, gratioside, elaterinide, lignans	Proportion method	1.56–25 (cited as 0.78–12.5% (V/V))	[5, 42]
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.	Leaves	Maceration	70% ethanol	Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins (geraniin, corilagin, 1,6-digalloylglucopyranoside rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, amarulone, phyllanthusiin D and amariin), lignans (niranthin, nirtetralin, phyltetralin, hypophyllanthin, phyllanthin, demethylenedioxy-niranthin, 5-demethoxy-niranthin, isolintetralin), polyphenolic compounds, tetracyclic triterpenoids	Proportion method	32000	[43, 44]
	Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Alkaloids (phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirphyllin, phyllnirurin, phyllanthol, phyllanthenol, rhamnopyranoside, phyllanthenone, lintetralin, astragalin, cymene, niranthin, nirtetralin, niruriside, phyllochrysine, 4-methoxy-securinine, 4-methoxy-nirsecurinine, limonene, niruretin, nirurin, phyllochrysine), steroids (β-sitosterol, cholesterol), flavonoids (quercetin, quercetin heteroside, quercetol, quercitrin, 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy flavanone, 3,5,7-trihydroxy flavonol), other compounds (estradiol, corilagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, rutin, gernanine, rutinoside, lupa, lupeol, methyl salicylate), saponins (triacontanal, triacontanol)	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 45]
Ranunculaceae	Hydrastis canadensis L.	Root	Decoction	Water	Alkaloids (major: hydrastine, berberine, canadine; minor: hydrastinine, canadaline, isohydrastidine, 1-β-hydrastine, 5-hydroxytetrahydroberberine, (S)-corypalmine, (S)-isocorypalmine, (S)-tetrahydropalmatine, Berberastine, 8-oxotetrahydrothalifendine, Canadinic acid), flavonoids (6,8-C-dimethylluteolin 7-methyl ether, 6-C-methylluteolin 7-methyl ether, sideroxylin, 8-desmethyl-sideroxylen, 6-desmethyl-sideroxylin), organic acids (quinic acid derivatives, hycandinic acid esters, 5-O-(4′-[β-d-glucopyranosyl]-trans-feruloyl) quinic), Sterols (β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside), volatile oil, resin, and fatty acids	Proportion method	0.39–6.25 (cited as 0.20–3.13% (V/V))	[5, 46]
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler	Roots	Decoction	Water	Essential oils, benzophenanthridine, furoquinoline, aporphine alkaloids, fagaronine, dihydroavicine, chelerythrine, oxychelerythrine, skimmianine and 8-methoxydictamine, as well as the aporphines magnoflorine, berberine, tembetarine, N-methyl-corydine, N-isobutyldeca-2, 4-dienamide, N-isobutylocta-2,4-dienamide, arnottianamide, fagaramide, piperlonguminine, rubemamin, N-isopentyl-cinnamamide, umbelliferone, scopoletin, scoparone, xanthotoxin, imperatorin, bergapten, marmesin, pimpinellin; lignan sesamin, C-7 epimer asarinin, sterols zanthoxylol, diosmin, fagarol, hesperidin, lupeol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, β-amyrin,: vanillic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, parahydroxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid, parafluorobenzoic acid, divanilloylquinic acids burkinabin A, burkinabin B, and burkinabin C	Proportion method	12.5–25 (cited as 6.25–12.5% (V/V))	[5, 47]
Solanaceae	Capsicum annum L.	Fruit	Cold maceration	Water	Saponins, alkaloids, quarternary bases, anthracenosides, flavanosides, flavonds, coumarin derivatives, steroid glycosides, anthocyanosides, essential oils, waxes, capsanthin, capsorubin, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, lutein, capsaicinoids	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 48, 49]
	Solanum torvum Sw.	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Isoflavonoid sulfate, steroidal glycosides, chlorogenone, neochlorogenone, triacontane derivatives, 22-β-O-spirostanol oligoglycosides, 26-O-β-glucosidase	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 50]
Xanthorrhoeaceae	Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.	Leaves	Cold maceration	Water	Chromone, anthraquinone, anthrone derivatives, anthraquinones, saponins, salicylic acids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars, lignin	Proportion method	40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v))	[5, 51, 52]
Tonic 1	Mixture of Spigelia anthelmia L. and Zea mays L.	Leaves, grain	Hot water maceration	Water	Spigelia anthelmia: alkaloid spiganthine, ryanodine, volatile alkaloids, isoquinoline, actinide isomer, quaternary alkaloids, choline, benzoylcholine, 2,3-dimethylacrolyl choline, phenylcarboxylic acids, flavonoids Zea mays: proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, volatiles oils, steroids such as sitosterol and stigmasterol, alkaloids, saponins	Proportion method	6.25–25 (cited as 3.13–12.5% (V/V))	[5, 53–56]
Tonic 2	Mixture of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle and Gossypium barbadense L.	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	C. aurantifolia: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugar, 5-geranyloxypsoralen, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin, 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 5-methoxypsoralen, 5,8-dimethoxypsoralen, 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione, 1-methoxy-ciclohexene, corylone, palmitic acid α-terpineol, umbelliferone Gossypium barbadense: gossypol, 1,1-dimethybutanol, (3-ethyl-2 oxiranyl) ethanone, (3-ethyl-2 oxiranyl) ethanone, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene bicycle (7.2.0) undec-4-ene, 9-octadecene, hexadecene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexany)-4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol, 9-eicosene, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester palmitic acid, 3-eicosene, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester linolenic acid, phytol-2-hexadecen-1-ol, oleic acid 9-octadecanoic acid, 1-tricosene, hexadecanoic acid, pentafluoropropionic acid heptadecyl ester, 13-octadecenal, di-n-octylphthalate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, squalene 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl	Proportion method	12.5–25 (cited as 6.25–12.5% (V/V))	[5, 57, 58]
Tonic 3	Mixture of Jatropha curcas L., Gossypium hirsutum L., Physalis angulata L., and Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf.	Leaves	Hot water maceration	Water	Jatropha curcas: flavonoids, apigenin, vitexin, isovitexin, sterol stigmasterol, β-D-sitosterol, β-D-glucoside, sapogenins, alkaloids, triterpene alcohol, 1-triacontanol Gossypium hirsutum: gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acids including dihydrosterculic, sterculic, and malvalic acids Physalis angulate: flavonoids (A flavonol glycoside, myricetin 3-O-neohesperidoside), alkaloids (phygrine) and many different types of plant steroids (physalins) A-W, withanolides, physagulins A, B, C, and D, withanolides, withangulatins B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I, withangulatin I, physangulidines A, B, and C, carotenoids, and oleanolic acid Delonix regia: sterols, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, sugars, tannins, steroids, β-sitosterol, carotene, hydrocarbons phytotoxins, carotenoids, lupeol, epilupeol, stigmasterol, p-methoxybenzaldehyde, kaempferol 3-rhamnoside 1, quercetin 3-rhamnoside 2, kaempferol 3-glucoide 3, kaempferol 3-rutinoside 4, kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside 5, quercetin 3-rutinoside 6 and quercetin 3-glucoside 7, anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-o-glucoside, cyanidin 3-o-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-o-rutinoside	Proportion method	6.25–25 (cited as 3.13–12.5% (V/V))	[5, 32, 59–65]

w/v = 20% w/v (200 µg/mL) of herbal preparations (infusions, decoctions and juices) were each incorporated at 1 : 5 dilution into L-J medium corresponding to a final concentration of 40 µg/mL. V/V = The herbal preparations (infusions, decoctions and juices) at 20% w/v were incorporated into L-J media at final concentrations ranging from 25% vol/vol to 0.20% vol/vol corresponding to 50 µg/mL to 0.4 µg/mL.