. 2015 Dec 22;6:1434. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01434

Table 1.

Effects of garlic oil, nitrate, quillaja saponin, their combinations, and length of adaptation period on total gas and methane production (ml), degradability (%) of feeds and ammonia concentration (mM) in in vitro rumen mixed culture.

	Treatment (T)								SEM	Effects
	Control	GO	NT	QS	GO+NT	GO+QS	NT+QS	GO+NT+QS		T	D	T × D
TOTAL GAS
Day 2	83.4^c	73.9^b	75.2^b	80.2^c	82.9^c	79.6^c	74.4^b	67.1^a	0.884	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Day 10	77.3^cd	73.5^c	73.9^c	81.3^d	60.1^a	65.8^b	73.0^c	61.7^ab
Day 18	86.6^d	72.4^b	79.8^c	84.6^d	68.4^a	73.0^b	76.6^c	66.6^a
METHANE
Day 2	29.1^d	20.6^bc	22.0^bc	24.9^cd	24.2^c	21.1^bc	18.4^b	10.3^a	0.665	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Day 10	19.3^cd	16.3^bc	14.6^b	20.5^d	8.0^a	8.7^a	15.1^b	7.6^a
Day 18	21.4^d	14.8^b	14.8^b	21.5^d	14.4^ab	18.1^c	15.1^b	13.0^a
DMD
Day 2	73.6^ab	71.6^a	74.9^b	75.2^b	73.1^ab	74.2^b	74.6^b	71.5^a	0.871	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Day 10	72.3^c	70.1^bc	73.7^c	72.8^c	66.6^ab	64.7^a	71.4^bc	63.4^a
Day 18	75.0^cd	66.7^ab	76.0^d	73.0^c	67.9^b	65.4^a	74.9^cd	65.6^ab
NDFD
Day 2	63.0^ab	55.7^a	63.2^ab	65.2^b	60.0^ab	62.2^ab	63.3^ab	56.5^ab	1.86	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Day 10	63.5^cd	60.7^bcd	66.2^d	64.5^cd	55.5^abc	53.2^ab	63.2^cd	49.6^a
Day 18	59.7^b	37.3^a	60.0^b	57.2^b	39.4^a	35.0^a	58.2^b	36.5^a
AMMONIA
Day 2	26.3^bc	21.1^a	27.4^c	17.9^a	22.5^abc	18.8^a	21.6^a	18.8^a	0.965	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Day 10	20.3^b	22.4^bc	31.9^d	23.8^bc	25.5^c	14.3^a	25.5^c	26.0^c
Day 18	19.5^ab	19.7^ab	28.8^d	16.6^a	22.1^bc	17.2^a	26.2^cd	22.3^bc
pH
Day 2	6.65	6.60	6.68	6.50	6.51	6.49	6.51	6.47	0.085	0.10	0.001	0.25
Day 10	6.62	6.34	6.69	6.52	6.76	6.61	6.60	6.75
Day 18	6.65	6.74	6.74	6.59	6.83	6.73	6.69	6.83

GO, garlic oil; NT, nitrate; QS, quillaja saponin; T, treatment; D, day; SEM, standard error of mean; DMD, dry matter degradability; NDFD, neutral detergent fiber degradability. Means followed by different superscript letters (a–d) in a row differ significantly (P < 0.05) among the treatments.