Table 1.

Characteristics of the subjects

Characteristic	CR		Control		P
	Baseline (N = 11)	Post (N = 11)	Baseline (N = 9)	Post (N = 9)	Group	Time	Interaction
Age, year	55.3 ± 1.8		52.7 ± 1.6		—	—	—
Height, cm	169.6 ± 2.4		177.8 ± 3.9
Weight, kg	101.8 ± 4.9	91.3 ± 4.6****	109 ± 7.4	110.3 ± 7.7	0.1401	<0.001	<0.001
Weight % change		−10.1 ± 1.2		+0.8 ± 0.6	—	—	—
BMI, kg/m2	35.2 ± 1.3	31.8 ± 1.1****	34.4 ± 1.4	34.6 ± 1.5	0.6103	<0.001	<0.001
Glucose, mg/dL	106.6 ± 2.5	102.3 ± 2.2	105.0 ± 3.3	105.3 ± 4.1	0.8716	0.1161	0.0767
Insulin, μIU/mL	12.7 ± 1.8	6.7 ± 0.9****	11.3 ± 2.5	11.2 ± 2.3	0.5616	<0.002	<0.002
FFA, mmol/L	0.38 ± 0.04	0.45 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.03	0.5620	0.1876	0.3880
β-Hydroxybutyrate, mmol/L	0.23 ± 0.01	0.28 ± 0.01***	0.24 ± 0.01	0.25 ± 0.01	0.3826	0.0012	0.0387
Body fat, %	45.9 ± 1.6	42.4 ± 1.5****	43.9 ± 2.0	44.3 ± 1.8	0.9918	<0.001	<0.001
Lean mass, kg	52.5 ± 3.2	50.3 ± 2.9**	59.5 ± 5.3	59.1 ± 5.0	0.1854	0.0034	0.0347
Fat mass, kg	39.6 ± 4.6	36.8 ± 2.2****	45.9 ± 3.2	46.2 ± 3.2	0.1246	<0.001	<0.001
Visceral fat, cm2	14.6 ± 2.2	11.4 ± 1.3*	12.1 ± 1.6	13.9 ± 1.9	0.9891	0.4132	0.0081
Subcutaneous fat, cm2	45.1 ± 2.6	36.9 ± 2.6****	43.2 ± 3.9	44.2 ± 4.1	0.5722	0.0078	0.0015
REE, kcal/day	1,668 ± 93	1,615 ± 92	1,865 ± 128	1,867 ± 109	0.1356	0.4925	0.4745
VO2peak, L/min	1.9 ± 0.1		2.2 ± 0.2		—	—	—

Measurements were made before randomization (baseline) and again after 16 weeks of CR or CON in the fasting state. Means ± SEM are given, and a two-way (group, time) repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare outcomes across groups. Precise P values are given for the ANOVA. When a significant interaction was found, a Sidak post hoc test was performed.

*P < 0.05;

**P < 0.01;

***P < 0.001;

****P < 0.0001.