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. 2015 Dec 22;5:18603. doi: 10.1038/srep18603

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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Upper Left Panel; illustration of the 2-speaker setup utilized in Experiment 1, 3, 4, and 5. Auditory looming and receding sounds were simulated by modulating the intensity emitted by a near (5 cm) and a far (100 cm) speaker. Upper Right Panel: Estimate of distance (in an arbitrary unit–A.U) from 0 (near) to 100 (far) as a function of the moment when participants received a tactile stimulation, while a looming sound, originating from the far loudspeaker and illusorily moving towards the near loudspeaker, was presented. Error bars indicate +/−1 S.E.M. Lower Left Panel: illustration of the 16-speaker setup utilized in Experiment 2 and 6. Looming and receding sounds were simulated by placing participants between two arrays of 8 speakers (2 meters of longitudinal distance, and 50 cm between participant midline and each array of speakers in the horizontal plane), and modulating the intensity of the sound produced by each speaker as a function of time. Lower Right Panel: Estimate of sound distance as a function of point in space sampled for the 16-speaker setup. Participants estimated sound distance for sounds originating 1 meter in front (positive x-value) and terminating 1 meter behind (negative x-value) in light gray, and for sounds originating 2 meters in front and terminating 2 meters behind the subjects in dark gray. Error bars indicate +/−1 S.E.M. (Figure drawn by JPN and EC)