Table 3.

Odds ratios (OR) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for factors associated with approval of domestic violence against wives^a

Predictors		Agrees with at least one form of violence Model Ib OR (95 % CI)	Agrees with at least one form of violence Model IIc OR (95 % CI)
Age
	35-49	1.0	1.0
	25-34	1.14 (1.10-1.25)*	1.47 (1.20-1.76)*
	15-24	1.10 (1.02-1.24)*	1.30 (1.13-1.49)*
Level of education
	Higher	1.0	1.0
	Secondary	2.10 (1.72-2.56)**	1.77 (1.44-2.18)*
	Primary	3.67 (2.95-4.55)**	2.59 (2.05-3.27) **
	No education	5.66 (4.62-6.95)***	3.10 (2.43-3.94)***
Occupation
	Working	1.0	1.0
	Not working	0.93 (0.85-1.02)	1.07 (0.91-1.25)
Marital status
	Never married	1.0	1.0
	Currently married	1.33 (1.22-1.45)*	1.11 (0.93-1.33)
	Formerly married	1.04 (0.89-1.21)	0.99 (0.77-1.28)
Place of residence
	Urban	1.0	1.0
	Rural	2.00 (1.85-2.17)*	1.19 (1.01-1.42)*
Religion
	Christian	1.0	1.0
	Moslem	2.06 (1.85-2.29)**	1.53 (1.31-1.80)*
	Traditional	2.87 (2.24-3.52)***	1.69 (1.19-2.38)**
	Others	1.86 (1.50-2.40)*	1.04 (0.80-1.35)
Wealth Index
	Richest	1.0	1.0
	Rich	1.76 (1.55-2.00)*	1.64 (1.37-1.96)*
	Middle	2.16 (1.89-2.46)**	1.91 (1.55-2.35)*
	Poor	2.80 (2.46-3.18)**	2.25 (1.78-2.85)**
	Poorer	4.74 (4.18-5.38)***	3.48 (2.73-4.44)***

^aComputed from the 2003 and 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey

^bModel I = Univariate model

^cModel II = Multivariate model of all independent variable statistically significant at the bivariate level

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001