Fig. 8.

Maximum likelihood (ML) ancestral state reconstruction of the overall shape of the postpharyngeal gland in the Philanthinae. The dendrogram is based on a molecular phylogeny; dashed lines indicate members of the philanthine tribes Cercerini and Aphilanthopsini. ML ancestral state reconstructions, using the Markov k-state 1 parameter model, for each node are visualized using pie charts; color code: white, simple tube-shaped PPGs; black, complex branched PPGs. As both maximum parsimony and ML analyses yielded the same results, only the ML data are shown. Note that the molecular phylogeny comprised Aphilanthops foxi and one unidentified Cerceris species as representatives of the respective genera