Table 1.

Brain activation patterns common across all four languages

Brain region	MNI coordinates			Volume, mm3
	X	Y	Z
Print–speech convergence regions*
L IFG Tri, PreCG, MFG, insula, IPL, IFG Op, thalamus, putamen	6	−20	−8	86,238
Bilateral SFG, MFG, SMA, anterior cingulate	6	26	18	34,803
Bilateral cerebellum	22	−70	−40	21,627
Bilateral calcarine, cuneus, lingual gyrus	−12	−80	0	12,375
L STG, SMG, PostCG, MTG, insula	−48	−42	6	9,423
R PreCG, PostCG, MFG, IFG Op	58	0	34	1,719
Posterior cingulate	6	−40	22	1,593
R STG, MTG, insula	64	−46	6	1,548
R IPL, PostCG, SMG	46	−28	34	1,053
R STG, MTG	52	−18	−8	900
Posterior cingulate	−2	−34	24	675
R insula, STG	36	−34	16	567
R MFG	36	42	22	243
R MFG, IFG Tri	40	26	24	243
L cerebellum	−8	−80	−34	207
R STG	54	0	−6	153
R STG	48	−46	10	99
L STG	−52	−6	−6	90
Reading-related regions with print–speech convergence†
L IFG Op, PreCG	38	0	30	1,008
L insula, L IFG Op	38	−4	8	720
R STG	−48	22	−6	441
L STG	52	46	12	423
L MTG, STG	50	40	6	306
L IFG Tri, IFG Orb, insula	42	−14	0	270
Anterior cingulate	−10	−26	20	261
L IPL	38	48	40	162
L thalamus	16	20	8	90
Reading-related regions with print specificity‡
L fusiform	−40	−54	−20	90
Reading-related regions with speech specificity§
R STG, insula	42	−22	0	288
L STG	−40	−32	4	252

IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; L, left; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; Op, opercularis; Orb, orbitalis; PostCG, postcentral gyrus; PreCG, precentral gyrus; R, right; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; SMA, supplementary motor area; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; STG, superior temporal gyrus; Tri, triangularis.

^*Areas common across speech-related activation (speech), print-related activation (print), and correlated activation between speech and print (correlation).

^†Areas common across speech, print, and correlation within the reading circuit (reading).

^‡Areas common across print and reading but not speech or correlation.

^§Areas common across speech and reading but not print or correlation.