Table 2. Annualized healthcare utilization before and after diagnosis, by study group.
| Before diagnosis | After diagnosis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brucellosis cases (n = 467) | Control group A (n = 1404) | Brucellosis cases (n = 467) | Control group A (n = 1404) | |
| Total Cost Costs (2013USD) | 439 ± 1592 (52, 6–260) | 382 ± 1495 (36, 3–209)* | 1327 ± 2347 (320, 142–1349) ## | 380 ± 1472 (40, 2–231)** |
| Hospitalization Costs (2013USD) | 141± 893 (0,0–0) | 108 ± 716 (0,0–0) | 892 ± 2053 (0, 0–636) ## | 113 ± 799 (0, 0–0) ** |
| Number of hospitalization | 0.10 ± 0.54 (0, 0–0) | 0.08 ± 0.45 (0, 0–0) | 0.52 ± 1.17 (0, 0–1) ## | 0.08 ± 0.54 (0, 0–0) ** |
| Number of days | 0.23 ± 1.44 (0, 0–0) | 0.20 ± 1.28 (0, 0–0) | 1.67 ± 3.79 (0, 0–1) ## | 0.20 ± 1.41 (0, 0–0) ** |
| % Hospitalized | 6.0 | 5.0 | 27.6 | 5.0 ʃ |
| Length of stay | 3.89 ± 4.59 (2, 1–5) | 3.91 ± 4.33 (3, 2–4) | 6.03 ± 5.08 (4, 3–7) | 4.09 ± 4.91 (3, 1–5) ** |
| Long-term hospitalization Costs (2013USD) | 11 ± 236 (0, 0–0) | 4 ± 152 (0, 0–0) | 12 ± 262 (0, 0–0) | 3 ± 114 (0, 0–0) |
| Number of hospitalization | 0.01 ± 0.19 (0, 0–0) | 0.00 ± 0.08 (0, 0–0) | 0.01 ± 0.19 (0, 0–0) | 0.00 ± 0.05 (0, 0–0) |
| Number of days | 0.06 ± 1.34 (0, 0–0) | 0.02 ± 0.83 (0, 0–0) | 0.07 ± 1.43 (0, 0–0) | 0.02 ± 0.64 (0, 0–0) |
| Diagnostic procedures Costs (2013USD) | 43 ± 114 (0, 0–34) | 44 ± 143 (0, 0–22) | 62 ± 158 (0, 0–50) ## | 46 ± 145 (0, 0–26)** |
| Number of procedures | 1.12 ± 2.17 (0, 0–2) | 0.97 ± 2.12 (0, 0–1)* | 1.41 ± 2.13 (0, 0–2) ## | 0.96 ± 1.96 (0, 0–1) ** |
| Medications Costs (2013USD) | 58 ± 436 (11, 2–30) | 63 ± 410 (8, 0–27) | 108 ± 540 (44, 27–70) ## | 59 ± 310 (8, 0–30) ** |
| Number of Rx | 9.36 ± 14.15 (4, 1–12) | 9.95 ± 18.39 (3, 1–10) * | 14.54 ± 15.35 (10, 6–17) ## | 10.12 ± 18.93 (3, 0–10) ** |
| Surgical procedures Costs (2013USD) | 86 ± 727 (0, 0–0) | 73 ± 824 (0, 0–0) | 30 ± 360 (0, 0–0) | 59 ± 641 (0, 0–0) |
| Number of surgeries | 0.02 ± 0.15 (0, 0–0) | 0.01 ± 0.12 (0, 0–0) | 0.01 ± 0.10 (0, 0–0) | 0.02 ± 0.16 (0, 0–0) |
| Specialist visits Costs (2013USD) | 31 ± 65 (0, 0–35) | 29 ± 66 (0, 0–31) | 37 ± 65 (0, 0–49) # | 30 ± 65 (0, 0–30) * |
| Number of visits | 1.37 ± 2.69 (0, 0–2) | 1.28 ± 2.73 (0, 0–2) | 1.58 ± 2.66 (0, 0–2) # | 1.33 ± 2.84 (0, 0–2) * |
| Emergency Room visits Costs (2013USD) | 46 ± 103 (0, 0–0) | 34 ± 98 (0, 0–0)* | 118 ± 175 (0, 0–179) ## | 42 ± 105 (0, 0–0) ** |
| Number of visits | 0.26 ± 0.58 (0, 0–0) | 0.19 ± 0.55 (0, 0–0) * | 0.67 ± 0.99 (0, 0–1) ## | 0.23 ± 0.58 (0, 0–0) ** |
| Outpatient visits Costs (2013USD) | 9 ± 84 (0, 0–0) | 10 ± 187 (0, 0–0) | 11 ± 133 (0, 0–0) | 12 ± 198 (0, 0–0) |
| Number of visits | 0.03 ± 0.27 (0, 0–0) | 0.03 ± 0.52 (0, 0–0) | 0.03 ± 0.46 (0, 0–0) | 0.03 ± 0.51 (0, 0–0) |
| Laboratory tests Costs (2013USD) | 14 ± 32 (1, 0–18) | 16 ± 78 (0, 0–14) * | 58 ± 56 (46, 27–74) ## | 16 ± 112 (0, 0–13) ** |
| Number of tests | 8.54 ± 12.90 (1, 0–15) | 7.34 ± 13.11 (0, 0–14) * | 21.40 ± 19.35 (17, 6–31) ## | 7.94 ± 14.99 (0, 0–14) ** |
Values are mean ±SD (median, 25 percentile-75 percentile).
* Mann-Whitney U test, P<0.05;
** P<0.001.
# Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, P<0.05;
## <0.001.
ʃ Chi-squared test, P<0.001.