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. 2015 Dec 16;8:381–390. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S86854

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© 2015 Grover et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Schematic representation of microglial activation.

Notes: Resting microglia are spindly and spiky in appearance on electron microscopy, demonstrating low levels of constitutive PBR binding site activity (TSPO) on their mitochondria. When “activated”, microglia demonstrate an increased number of PBR binding sites. ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 is a PET ligand that binds to PBRs.

Abbreviations: PBR, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor; TSPO, translocator protein; PET, positron emission tomography; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL, interleukin; NO, nitric oxide.