Table.
Characteristics of the Nested Analysis Cohorts in the Cardiovascular Health Study and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
| CHS, No. (%) (n = 1773)a |
ARIC, No. (%) (n = 2040)b |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics at Enrollment | Pneumonia Cases (n = 591) |
Controls (n = 1182) |
P Value | Pneumonia Cases (n = 680) |
Controls (n = 1360) |
P Value |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 73.9 (5.8) | 72.6 (5.6) | <.001 | 55.8 (5.8) | 55.4 (5.9) | .12 |
|
| ||||||
| Women | 342 (57.8) | 778 (65.8) | .001 | 366 (53.8) | 773 (56.8) | .20 |
|
| ||||||
| African Americans | 85 (14.4) | 157 (13.3) | .22 | 215 (31.7) | 333 (24.5) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 38 (6.4) | 68 (5.8) | .57 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.15) | c |
|
| ||||||
| Diabetes | 109 (18.7) | 160 (13.6) | <.005 | 106 (15.8) | 133 (9.9) | <.01 |
|
| ||||||
| Hypertension | 423 (71.6) | 911 (77.1) | .011 | 256 (37.8) | 430 (31.8) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Chronic kidney diseased | 175 (29.9) | 319 (27.0) | .21 | 158 (23.7) | 293 (21.8) | .35 |
|
| ||||||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 26.2 (4.9) | 26.9 (5.0) | <.002 | 27.6 (6.2) | 27.3 (5.3) | .29 |
|
| ||||||
| Ever smokers | 381 (64.5) | 664 (56.2) | <.001 | 492 (72.4) | 750 (55.2) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Pack-years, median (IQR) | 6.5 (0.0-9.0) | 0.0 (0.0-22.0) | <.001 | 20.1 (0.0-40.0) | 1.95 (0.0-24.2) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol abuse | 33 (5.6) | 56 (4.7) | .44 | 79 (11.8) | 136 (10.1) | .24 |
|
| ||||||
| LDL, mg/dL | ||||||
| <100 | 158 (27.3) | 235 (20.0) | <.001 | 125 (19.2) | 224 (17.0) | .47 |
|
|
|
|||||
| 100-129 | 196 (33.9) | 390 (33.2) | 176 (27.1) | 366 (27.7) | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| ≥130 | 224 (38.8) | 549 (46.8) | 349 (53.7) | 730 (55.3) | ||
|
| ||||||
| HDL, mg/dL | ||||||
| <35 | 30 (5.1) | 43 (3.7) | .32 | 108 (16.2) | 153 (11.4) | .008 |
|
|
|
|||||
| 35-59 | 365 (60.9) | 738 (62.6) | 388 (58.4) | 803 (60.1) | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| ≥60 | 199 (34.0) | 398 (33.8) | 169 (24.4) | 381 (28.5) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
| <200 | 289 (49.3) | 540 (45.8) | .32 | 258 (38.8) | 503 (37.6) | .86 |
|
|
|
|||||
| 200-239 | 201 (34.3) | 431 (35.7) | 248 (37.3) | 503 (37.6) | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| ≥240 | 96 (16.4) | 219 (18.6) | 159 (23.9) | 331 (24.8) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Serum CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | 2.67 (1.29-4.98) | 2.27 (1.19-4.07) | .002 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Percentage of predicted FEV1, mean (SD) | 84.7 (23.9) | 94.7 (20.4) | <.001 | 81.9 (22.9) | 95.3 (16.3) | <.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Subclinical CVDe | 408 (69.0) | 719 (60.8) | <.001 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Diagnostic Q waves on electrocardiogram | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | .33 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Ankle brachial index <0.9 | 47 (6.9) | 38 (2.8) | <.001 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Carotid artery wall thickness, mm | 0.77 (0.21) | 0.72 (0.18) | <.001 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Carotid atherosclerotic plaque on ultrasound | 283 (41.6) | 711 (52.3) | <.001 | |||
|
| ||||||
|
Longitudinal Trajectories
| ||||||
| Activities of daily livingf | ||||||
| No decline | 430 (72.8) | 893 (75.6) | .001 | |||
|
|
|
|||||
| Minimal decline | 115 (19.5) | 242 (20.5) | ||||
|
|
|
|||||
| Rapid decline | 46 (7.8) | 47 (4.0) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Independent activities of daily livingf | ||||||
| No decline | 404 (68.4) | 900 (76.1) | <.001 | |||
|
|
|
|||||
| Rapid decline | 187 (31.6) | 282 (23.9) | ||||
|
|
|
|||||
| Cognition based on mini-mental state scoref | ||||||
| No decline | 420 (71.1) | 949 (80.3) | <.001 | |||
|
|
|
|||||
| Minimal decline | 129 (21.8) | 190 (16.1) | ||||
|
|
|
|||||
| Rapid decline | 42 (7.1) | 43 (3.6) | ||||
Abbreviations: ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in first second; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
SI conversion factors: To convert HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259.
Values represent the most recent available measurement before inclusion into the analysis cohort.
Values represent measurements at enrollment in ARIC.
Estimation of a P value is not valid due to the low number of events.
Defined as glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 estimated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation.27
Subclinical disease was defined as having any 1 of the following: (1) major electrocardiogram abnormalities based on the Minnesota Code, (2) ankle-brachial index of ≤0.9, (3) increased carotid or internal carotid artery wall thickness (>80th percentile of the CHS distribution) or stenosis of >25% (based on ultrasonographic findings), (4) echocardiogram wall motion abnormality or low ejection fraction, or (5) positive responses to the Rose Questionnaire for angina or intermittent claudication (without clinical history of these diagnoses).29
Participants on trajectories of no and minimal decline had either normal or borderline scores (score <79 suggests dementia) throughout the study. Participants on trajectories of no and minimal decline for activities of daily living (ADL) and independent ADL (IADL) required assistance for ≤1 ADLs or IADLs. Additional information on the calculation of these trajectories is provided in eMethods 2 of the Supplement.30