Table 3. Microbiological findings of children pneumonia cases and controls, nasal swabs, Mali, N = 216.
| Microorganisms | Pneumonia cases (n = 118) | Controls (n = 98) | P | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio a (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | |||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 85 (72.0) | 47 (48.0) | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.6–4.9) | 3.4 (1.6–7.0) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 23 (19.5) | 19 (19.4) | 0.98 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | - |
| Haemophilus influenza | 8 (6.8) | 6 (6.2) | 0.84 | 1.1 (0.4–3.3) | - |
| Mycoplasma spp. | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 0.27 | NE | - |
| Chlamydia spp. | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | NE | - |
| Viruses | |||||
| Human metapneumovirus | 12 (10.2) | 1 (1.0) | 0.005 | 11.0 (1.4–86.0) | 17.2 (2.0–151.4) |
| Coronavirus NL63 | 1 (0.8) | 4 (4.1) | 0.12 | 0.2 (0.02–1.8) | - |
| Coronavirus 229E | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0.19 | NE | - |
| Coronavirus OC43 | 2 (1.7) | 4 (4.1) | 0.29 | 0.4 (0.07–2.3) | - |
| Coronavirus HKU 1 | 6 (5.1) | 2 (2.0) | 0.24 | 2.6 (0.5–13.0) | - |
| Adenovirus | 11 (9.3) | 6 (6.1) | 0.39 | 1.6 (0.6–4.4) | - |
| Enterovirus | 12 (10.2) | 14 (14.3) | 0.35 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | - |
| Parechovirus | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | NE | - |
| Rhinovirus | 27 (22.9) | 24 (24.5) | 0.78 | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | - |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 30 (25.4) | 6 (6.1) | <0.001 | 5.2 (2.1–13.2) | 7.4 (2.3–23.3) |
| Parainfluenzae 1 | 5 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 0.04 | NE | - |
| Parainfluenzae 2 | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0.36 | NE | - |
| Parainfluenzae 3 | 5 (4.2) | 3 (3.1) | 0.65 | 2.0 (0.4–10.6) | - |
| Parainfluenzae 4 | 2 (1.7) | 4 (4.1) | 0.29 | 0.4 (0.07–2.1) | - |
| Influenza A | 11 (9.3) | 1 (1.0) | 0.008 | 10.0 (1.3–78.7) | 10.7 (1.0–112.2) |
| Infuenza B | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | NE | - |
| Influenza A(H1N1) | 3 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0.11 | NE | - |
| Bocavirus | 13 (11.0) | 12 (12.2) | 0.78 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | - |
Abbreviations: NE, non estimable.
a After multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for the presence of other pathogens, gender, age, and period per quarter.