Table 2.
Socioeconomic Status and Brain Development in the National Institutes of Health Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Normal Brain Developmenta
| Variable | Total Gray Matter, β (SE) | Frontal Gray Matter, β (SE) | Temporal Gray Matter, β (SE) | Hippocampus Gray Matter, β (SE) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| Below 200% of the FPL | −2.437b (1.098) | −1.581 (1.159) | −2.157b (1.24) | −1.19 (1.331) | −2.336c (1.285) | −1.165 (1.343) | −1.716 (1.244) | −0.573 (1.302) |
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| Below 150% of the FPL | −3.839b (1.432) | −2.816b (1.368) | −3.532b (1.546) | −2.375 (1.519) | −4.250b (1.639) | −3.002c (1.528) | −3.710b (1.355) | −2.642c (1.416) |
| Model 3 | ||||||||
| Below 100% of the FPL | −8.808c (2.328) | −7.505c (2.298) | −8.383b (2.597) | −7.037b (2.742) | −9.497b (2.600) | −7.844c (2.439) | −8.035b (1.807) | −6.564b (1.946) |
| Model 4 | ||||||||
| Below 150% of the FPL | −3.903b (1.436) | −2.859b (1.389) | −3.577b (1.553) | −2.369 (1.545) | −4.259b (1.648) | −2.893c (1.562) | −3.661b (1.379) | −2.411c (1.46) |
| Between 150% to 200% of the FPL | −0.727 (1.455) | −0.25 (1.566) | −0.502 (1.721) | 0.0364 (1.854) | −0.0932 (1.688) | 0.634 (1.802) | 0.553 (1.739) | 1.341 (1.741) |
| Model 5 | ||||||||
| Below 100% of the FPL | −8.953b (2.342) | −7.591b (2.335) | −8.493b (2.615) | −7.024b (2.783) | −9.603b (2.618) | −7.803b (2.483) | −8.079b (1.820) | −6.426b (1.969) |
| Between 100% to 150% of the FPL | −1.328 (1.319) | −0.431 (1.244) | −1.07 (1.445) | 0.0202 (1.364) | −1.534 (1.603) | −0.373 (1.504) | −1.409 (1.598) | −0.350 (1.635) |
| Between 150% to 200% of the FPL | −0.727 (1.455) | −0.207 (1.562) | −0.502 (1.722) | 0.0782 (1.851) | −0.0932 (1.689) | 0.678 (1.799) | 0.553 (1.740) | 1.377 (1.738) |
| Extended controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| No. of Observations | 823 | 817 | 823 | 817 | 823 | 817 | 823 | 817 |
Abbreviation: FPL, federal poverty level.
a
Measures of brain development are normed. The focal brain area volume is expressed as a percentage of the sex- and age-specific norm. Results related to the estimation of normative developmental curves are available in eTable 4 in the Supplement. Extended controls included birth weight, race/ethnicity, family size, and maternal education.
b
P < .05.
c
P < .10.