Table 3.
Results of the multivariable Cox regression models comparing overall survival outcomes between women in Asian American subgroups and white women with cervical cancer.
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Filipino women, n = 344 | Chinese women, n = 236 | North Asian women, n = 249 | Southeast Asian women, n = 206 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Married/domestic partner | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) |
| Age at diagnosis, years | ||||
| Younger than 35 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 35–44 | 1.53 (1.29–1.80) | 1.50 (1.27–1.78) | 1.55 (1.31–1.83) | 1.56 (1.32–1.85) |
| 45–54 | 2.06 (1.75–2.42) | 2.05 (1.74–2.42) | 2.10 (1.78–2.48) | 2.12 (1.79–2.50) |
| 55–64 | 2.37 (2.01–2.80) | 2.37 (2.01–2.80) | 2.41 (2.03–2.85) | 2.44 (2.06–2.89) |
| 65 or older | 4.22 (3.60–4.96) | 4.26 (3.63–5.01) | 4.37 (3.71–5.14) | 4.43 (3.76–5.22) |
| Stage at diagnosis | ||||
| Localized | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Regional | 1.97 (1.78–2.17) | 2.00 (1.81–2.21) | 1.98 (1.79–2.19) | 1.99 (1.80–2.20) |
| Distant | 5.70 (5.10–6.38) | 5.72 (5.11–6.40) | 5.67 (5.07–6.34) | 5.68 (5.07–6.35) |
| Histologic classification | ||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Adenoma or adenocarcinoma | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.03 (0.95–1.13) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) |
| Other | 1.42 (1.29–1.56) | 1.42 (1.29–1.56) | 1.41 (1.29–1.55) | 1.42 (1.29–1.56) |
| Treatment | ||||
| No surgery | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Surgery | 0.12 (0.10–0.14) | 0.12 (0.10–0.14) | 0.12 (0.10–0.13) | 0.12 (0.10–0.14) |
| Radiation | 0.43 (0.38–0.49) | 0.42 (0.38–0.48) | 0.42 (0.37–0.47) | 0.42 (0.38–0.48) |
| Surgery and radiation | 0.23 (0.20–0.26) | 0.22 (0.20–0.25) | 0.22 (0.20–0.25) | 0.22 (0.20–0.25) |
| Socioeconomic status1 | ||||
| Quartile 1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Quartile 2 | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) |
| Foreign-born2 | ||||
| Quartile 1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Quartile 2 | 1.01 (0.94–1.11) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) |
| Quartile 3 | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) |
| Residence population density | ||||
| County population ≥1,000,000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| County population <1,000,000 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.02 (0.94–1.09) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
| Race | ||||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Asian American | 0.82 (0.68–1.00) | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) | 0.62 (0.49–0.80) |
| Univariable analysis3 (Asian American subgroup women compared with White) | Indifferent p = 0.434 |
Indifferent p = 0.267 |
Indifferent p = 0.957 |
Indifferent p = 0.072 |
Socioeconomic status (based on county-level poverty, education, income, and unemployment levels) was categorized into 1 of 4 relative quartiles within the study sample. Quartile 1 represents the lowest socioeconomic status, or most socioeconomically disadvantaged, and quartile 4 represents the highest socioeconomic status, or most socioeconomically advantaged.
Percentage of the population of the woman’s county of residence born outside the United States, categorized into 1 of 4 relative quartiles, from lowest to highest percentage.
Univariable analyses compared survival outcomes of women from each of the Asian American subgroups with white women without controlling for any other covariates.