Table 4.
Results of the multivariable Cox regression models comparing overall survival outcomes between Asian American women and white women with cervical cancer across age strata.
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Younger than 35 years, n = 1,618 |
35–44 years, n = 2,697 |
45–54 years, n = 2,472 |
55–64 years, n = 1,599 |
65 years or older, n = 2,088 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Married/domestic partner | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) | 0.80 (0.67–0.96) | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.29 (0.82–2.03) | 0.74 (0.57–0.96) | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) | 1.07 (0.85–1.33) | 1.36 (1.11–1.66) |
| Stage at diagnosis | |||||
| Localized | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Regional | 2.46 (1.57–3.86) | 2.40 (1.84–3.15) | 2.08 (1.68–2.58) | 1.88 (1.49–2.38) | 1.65 (1.43–1.90) |
| Distant | 8.68 (5.33–14.12) | 8.52 (6.35–11.41) | 7.95 (6.28–10.06) | 5.45 (4.20–7.08) | 3.60 (3.04–4.26) |
| Histologic classification | |||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Adenoma or adenocarcinoma | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | 0.90 (0.70–1.16) | 1.01 (0.83–1.21) | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) |
| Other | 1.41 (0.99–2.01) | 1.53 (1.22–1.92) | 1.77 (1.46–2.14) | 1.51 (1.23–1.85) | 1.44 (1.23–1.68) |
| Treatment | |||||
| No surgery | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Surgery | 0.15 (0.08–0.29) | 0.13 (0.08–0.20) | 0.09 (0.07–0.13) | 0.14 (0.10–0.19) | 0.15 (0.12–0.18) |
| Radiation | 1.19 (0.63–2.56) | 0.75 (0.49–1.13) | 0.33 (0.25–0.44) | 0.41 (0.32–0.52) | 0.36 (0.31–0.43) |
| Surgery and radiation | 0.60 (0.32–1.12) | 0.34 (0.23–0.52) | 0.16 (0.12–0.21) | 0.22 (0.17–0.28) | 0.18 (0.15–0.22) |
| Socioeconomic status1 | |||||
| Quartile 1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Quartile 2 | 0.99 (0.67–1.47) | 1.00 (0.78–1.26) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.84 (0.53–1.32) | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 0.92 (0.76–1.10) |
| Quartile 4 | 1.00 (0.63–1.60) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 0.85 (0.65–1.10) | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) |
| Foreign-born2 | |||||
| Quartile 1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Quartile 2 | 0.62 (0.39–0.97) | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.93 (0.59–1.46) | 1.05 (0.80–1.36) | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 1.18 (1.01–1.39) |
| Quartile 4 | 0.82 (0.49–1.38) | 0.81 (0.59–1.10) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) |
| Residence population density | |||||
| County population ≥1,000,000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| County population <1,000,000 | 0.93 (0.66–1.31) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) |
| Race | |||||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Asian American | 2.42 (1.47–4.00) | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) | 0.92 (0.74–1.16) | 0.61 (0.46–0.81) | 0.59 (0.49–0.72) |
| Univariable analysis3 (Asian American compared with White) | Worse p < 0.001 |
Indifferent p = 0.934 |
Indifferent p = 0.281 |
Better p < 0.001 |
Better p < 0.001 |
Socioeconomic status (based on county-level poverty, education, income, and unemployment levels) was categorized into 1 of 4 relative quartiles within the study sample. Quartile 1 represents the lowest socioeconomic status, or most socioeconomically disadvantaged, and quartile 4 represents the highest socioeconomic status, or most socioeconomically advantaged.
Percentage of the population of the woman’s county of residence born outside the United States, categorized into 1 of 4 relative quartiles, from lowest to highest percentage.
Univariable analyses compared survival outcomes between the two racial groups without controlling for any other covariates.