Table 1.

Effects of sleep restriction on 24-hour profiles of ghrelin, leptin and pancreatic polypeptide

Hormonal Characteristic	Normal Sleep	Sleep Restriction	p value
Ghrelin
24-hour mean (pg/mL)	658 ±54	704 ±52	0.005
Nocturnal mean (pg/mL)	741 ±63	787 ±59	0.04
Meal-related peaks (pg/mL)
Breakfast	739 ± 64	804 ± 62	0.01
Lunch	757 ± 69	788 ± 59	0.30
Dinner	739 ± 62	810 ± 65	0.0006
Post-meal nadirs (pg/mL)
Breakfast	454 ± 38	491 ± 35	0.04
Lunch	452 ± 35	496 ± 39	0.01
Dinner	484 ± 38	535 ± 41	< 0.0001
Leptin
24-hour mean (ng/mL)	3.6 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.7	0.62
Nocturnal mean (ng/mL)	4.0 ± 0.6	4.2 ± 0.7	0.65
Acrophase (ng/mL)	5.0 ± 0.7	5.0 ± 0.8	0.92
Nadir (ng/mL)	2.4 ± 0.4	2.5 ± 0.5	0.68
Amplitude (ng/mL)	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.2	0.72
Pancreatic polypeptide
24-hour mean (pg/mL)	47.5 ± 4.4	47.2 ± 4.3	0.84
Nocturnal mean (pg/mL)	29.1 ± 3.1	31.0 ± 3.1	0.17
Meal-related peaks (pg/mL)
Breakfast	100.9 ± 12.6	106.4 ± 13.5	0.55
Lunch	136.4 ± 13.5	126.5 ± 13.4	0.19
Dinner	117.7 ± 12.9	115.3 ± 12.8	0.51
Post-meal nadirs (pg/mL)
Breakfast	40.9 ± 4.4	46.5 ± 5.4	0.11
Lunch	42.5 ± 5.1	40.9 ± 3.7	0.58
Dinner	44.6 ± 4.5	46.9 ± 4.7	0.25

Data represent mean ± SEM.