Table 4.
Findings included in p-curve(s) that support theory of Reward Devaluation
| Within clinical/high- symptom |
Clinical/high- symptom vs. controls |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| Positive- neutral |
Negative -neutral |
Positive- neutral |
Negative -neutral |
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|
| ||||||||||
| Study | Sample type | Per group n and primary diagnosis or symptom(s) |
Comorbid symptoms that differed between groups |
Stimuli | Stimulus duration (ms) |
Task type | p | p | p | p |
| Bradley, Mogg, Falla, & Hamilton (1998) | Nonclinical | Trait anxiety (Low, n = 19; High, n = 19) | Depressive symptoms, social anxiety, anxious arousal, anhedonia, general distress (HTA > LTA) | Faces (angry, happy) | 500, 1250 | Identification | ns | .041 | .014 | .019 |
| Bradley, Mogg, & Millar (2000)a | Nonclinical | Dysphoria (Low, n = 18; Medium, n = 17; High, n = 19) | State anxiety, trait anxiety (participants regrouped to test hypotheses involving different symptoms) | Faces (angry, happy) | 500 | Detection | N/A | N/A | .04 | ns |
| Brosschot, de Ruiter, & Kindt (1999) | Nonclinical | Trait anxiety, defensiveness (Low anxious, n = 11; Repressors, n = 15; High anxious, n = 10; Defensive high anxious, n = 15) | State anxiety also measured, but not reported by group | Words (social threat, social positive, physical threat, general positive) | 500 | Detection | ns | ns | .018 | ns |
| Donaldson, Lam, & Mathews (2007) | Clinical | MDD, n = 36; Controls, n = 36 | Recent anxiety, rumination (MDD > Controls) | Words (negative, positive) | 500, 1000 | Detection | < .001 | < .001 | N/A | N/A |
| Fritzsche et al. (2010)a | Clinical | MDD, n = 20; Remitted depressed, n = 20; Asthma, n = 20; Controls, n = 20 | Recent anxiety (MDD > RMD > Asthma, Controls) | Faces (sad, happy) | 1000 | Detection | ns | .029 | .032 | .003 |
| Fritzsche et al. (2013)a | Clinical | MDD, n = 20; Controls, n = 19; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) patients with MDD, n = 18; COPD patients without MDD, n = 21 | General distress (Controls < COPD without MDD < COPD + MDD, MDD) | Faces (sad, happy) | 1000 | Detection | ns | < .001 | .002 | < .001 |
| Gotlib, Kasch et al. (2004)a | Clinical | MDD, n = 88; GSP, n = 35; Controls, n = 55 | Recent anxiety (MDD, GAD > Controls); depressive symptoms (MDD > GAD > Controls) | Faces (sad, angry, happy) | 1000 | Detection | <.001 (r within MDD) | .007 | ns | .031 |
| Hunt, Keogh, & French (Masked condition; 2006) | Nonclinical | Anxiety sensitivity (Low, n = 20; Moderate, n = 14; High, n = 19) | Recent anxiety, depressive symptoms (HAS > LAS) | Words (anxiety symptom, social threat, positive) | 500 | Detection | ns | N/A | ns | .006 |
| Ioannou, Mogg, & Bradley (2004) | Nonclinical | Trait anxiety, defensiveness (Low anxious, n = 10; Repressors, n = 16; High anxious, n = 11; Defensive high anxious, n = 13) | State anxiety, depressive symptoms (HA, DHA > LA, R) | Faces (angry, happy) | 500, 1250 | Identification | .024 | .048 | N/A | .025 |
| Keogh, Dillon, Georgiou, & Hunt (2001) | Nonclinical | Anxiety sensitivity (Low, n = 27; High, n = 24) | Trait anxiety, recent anxiety, stress, depressive symptoms (HAS > LAS) | Words (social threat, physical threat, positive) | 500 | Detection | N/A | N/A | .049 | .037 |
| Keogh, Ellery, Hunt, & Hannent (2001) | Nonclinical | Recent anxiety treated as a continuous variable*, N = 74 | Fear of pain, stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity all positively correlated with recent anxiety | Words (pain-related, social threat, positive) | 500 | Detection | N/A | N/A | < .001 | ns |
| Lindstrom et al. (2011) | Clinical | PTSD, n = 9 adults; Non-PTSD, n = 36 adults | N/A (not reported) | Faces (angry, happy) | 500 | Detection | ns | ns | .004 | ns |
| Mingtian, Xiongzhao, Jinyao, Shuqiao, & Atchley (2011) | Clinical | MDD, n = 24; Controls, n = 25 | N/A (not reported) | Pictures (negative, positive) | 100, 500 | Detection | .032 | ns | < .001 | ns |
| Mogg, Philippot, & Bradley (2004) | Clinical | SP, n = 15; Controls, n = 15 | Trait anxiety, state anxiety, depressive symptoms (SP > Controls) | Faces (angry, happy) | 500, 1250 | Identification | ns | .039 | N/A | N/A |
| Mueller et al. (2009) | Clinical | SAD, n = 12; Controls, n = 15 | Trait anxiety, depressive symptoms (SAD > Controls); comorbid diagnoses in SAD group of GAD (n = 8), specific phobia (n = 5), MDD (n = 7), OCD (n = 3) | Faces (angry, happy) | 100 | Identification | .007 | ns | ns | ns |
| Pishyar, Harris, & Menzies (CGBT; 2008) | Clinical | SP, n = 16 | Anxiety sensitivity, depressive symptoms elevated | Faces (disgusted, happy) | 500 | Detection | .002 | .002 | N/A | N/A |
| Pishyar, Harris, & Menzies (Waitlist; 2008) | Clinical | SP, n = 16 | Anxiety sensitivity, depressive symptoms elevated | Faces (disgusted, happy) | 500 | Detection | < .001 | .01 | N/A | N/A |
| Reinecke, Cooper, Favaron, Massey-Chase, & Harmer (2011)a | Clinical | PD, n = 23; Controls, n = 22 | Depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, agoraphobic cognitions (PD > Controls) | Faces (fearful, happy) | 16, 100 | Identification | ns | .013 | ns | .029 |
| Shane & Peterson (Study 1; 2007) | Nonclinical | Dysphoric, n = 30; Non-dysphoric, n = 43 | Group difference in trait anxiety was non-significant | Pictures (negative, positive) | 500, 1500 | Detection | .026 | ns | .037 | ns |
| Shane & Peterson (Study 2; 2007) | Nonclinical | Dysphoric, n = 27; Controls, n = 39 | Trait anxiety (Dysphoric > Controls) | Words (depression-related, positive) | 200, 1500 | Detection | .019 | .026 | .004 | .021 |
| Taylor, Bomyea, & Amir (2010) | Nonclinical | Social anxiety treated as a continuous variable, N= 43 | State anxiety, anhedonia elevated | Words (social positive) | 500 | Identification | .006 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
a
Denotes a study that is listed in more than one table because findings can be interpreted as supporting more than one theoretical framework.
Note. HAS = High Anxiety Sensitivity; LAS = Low Anxiety Sensitivity; LA = Low Anxiety; HA = High Anxiety; R = Repressor; DHA = Defensive High Anxious; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; SAD = Social Anxiety Disorder; SP = Social Phobia; OCD = Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; PD = Panic Disorder; PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Results listed as “ns” were non-significant at the .05 level; results listed as “N/A” were not reported in the original paper.