Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

First author, year	Country	n‡	Participant characteristics	Mean age (range)	Female %	Affect assessment	Affect assessment frequency	Physical activity assessment
Kanning et al., 2015	Germany	69	A randomized sample of older adults	60.1(50–70)	51%	A six-item short scale adapted from the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (measures energetic arousal, valence, and calmness, with two bipolar for each).	When accelerometer detected a volume of physical activity that surpassed a predefined activity threshold (activity >220 mili-g; 10-min moving average) or fell below a predefined inactivity threshold for 3 days.	Activity level measured from accelerometer for 3 days.
Dunton et al., 2014	United States	119	Children from low to middle income households	N/A(9–13)	51%	Rating on eight adjectives assessing PA (two items), NA (four items), energy (one item), and fatigue (one item).	Randomly 3–7 times a day during preprogrammed intervals for 4 days.	Activity level measured from accelerometer for 4 days.
von Haaren et al., 2013	Germany	29	Inactive college students	21.3(N/A)	N/A	A six-item short scale adapted from the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (measures energetic arousal, valence, and calmness, with two bipolar for each).	Randomly every 2 h between 10 am and 10 pm for 2 days.	Activity level measured from accelerometer for 2 days.
Guérin et al., 2013	Canada	63	Active mothers	42.6(N/A)	100%	PA subscale (10 items) from the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS).	Before, after, and 3-h after each self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity session for 2 weeks.	Self-reported type, intensity, and duration of exercise.
Kanning, 2013	Germany	87	College students	24.6(N/A)	54%	A six-item short scale adapted from the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (measures energetic arousal, valence, and calmness, with two bipolar for each).	Randomly every 45 min for 14 h.	Activity level measured from accelerometer for 1 day.
Kanning et al., 2012	Germany	44	College students	26.2(N/A)	48%	A six-item short scale adapted from the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (measures energetic arousal, valence, and calmness, with two bipolar for each).	Every 45 min for 14 h.	Activity level measured from accelerometer for 1 day.
Mata et al., 2012	United States	53	Volunteers recruited from community	25.4(N/A)	70%	Rating on 11 adjectives assessing PA (four items) and NA (seven items) guided by PANAS.	Every 90 min (up to eight times each day) for 7–8 days.	Self-reported activity level (Godin) at each electronic survey prompt.
Wichers et al., 2012	Belgium	504	Female twins from the general population	27(18–46)	100%	Ratings on 10 adjective assessing PA (four items) and NA (seven items) guided by PANAS.	Randomly every 90 min (up to 10 times each day) for 5 days.	Self-reported one item of activity level on a 7-point Likert scale at each electronic survey prompt.
Schwerdtfeger et al., 2010	Germany	124	Volunteers recruited through campus	31.7(18–73)	52%	Rating on 11 adjectives assessing PA (six items) and NA (five items).	Every 1 h for 1 day (about 12 total for each participant).	Activity level measured from accelerometer for 1 day.
LePage and Crowther, 2010	United States	54	Regularly active college students	19.1(N/A)	100%	PA (10 items) and NA (10 items) subscales from the PANAS – Expanded Form (PANAS-X).	Randomly four times a day and following each self-reported exercise bout for 10 days.	Self-reported type and amount of exercise.
Dunton et al., 2009	United States	23	Inactive adults aged 50+ years recruited from community	60.7(50–76)	70%	Rating on 10 adjectives assessing PA (one items), NA (seven items), energy (one item), and fatigue (one item).	Four fixed times (7:45 am, 11:45 am, 3:45 pm, and 7:45 pm) per day for 2 weeks.	Self-reported type and duration of exercise.
Carels et al., 2007	United States	36	Obese participants recruited from community	49.3(N/A)	89%	A single-item, unidimensional 10-point feeling scale ranging from “very negative mood” to “very positive mood.”	Daily diary filled out each morning and before bedtime, and before and after each self-reported exercise bout for 8 weeks.	Self-reported type, intensity, and duration of exercise.
Annesi, 2002	United States	69	Fitness center members from community	37.9(21–60)	71%	Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory (12-item) assessing positive engagement, revitalization, tranquility, and physical exhaustion.	Before and after each self-reported exercise bout for 6 weeks across 14 weeks.	Fitness center attendance cross-checked with self-reported exercise tracking forms.
Gauvin et al., 1996	United States	86	Recruited through YMCA from community	32.9(N/A)	100%	Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory (12-item) and 4 adjectives for PA, 5 adjectives for NA.	Randomly four times a day, and before and after self-reported exercise bouts for 6 weeks.	Self-reported intensity of physical activity (that lasted at least 20 min).