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Cell death and cell lysis were determined by LDH activity released from the cytosol of damaged cells into the supernatant after exposure of proteins. (A–D) The VipTx-II protein did not lyse THP-1 cells exposed up to 1250 μg/ml doses, whereas the VipTx-I protein was induced higher percentage of cell death and more release of LDH in the culture supernatant.
