Table 5.

Models of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution implementation and opioid overdose related acute care hospital utilizations in 19 communities* in Massachusetts, 2002-09

Cumulative enrollments per 100 000 population	Rate ratio	Adjusted rate ratio† (95% CI)	P value
Absolute model:
No implementation	Reference	Reference
Low implementation: 1-100 enrollments	1.00	0.93 (0.80 to 1.08)	0.4
High implementation: >100 enrollments	1.06	0.92 (0.75 to 1.13)	0.4
Relative model:
No implementation	Reference	Reference
Low implementation: <median	0.96	0.90 (0.76 to 1.07)	0.2
High implementation: >median	1.10	1.00 (0.86 to 1.16)	1.0

*Geographically distinct cities and towns.

†Adjusted for city/town population rates of age under 18, male, race or ethnicity (Hispanic, white, black, other), below poverty level, medically supervised inpatient withdrawal treatment, methadone treatment, Bureau of Substance Abuse Services funded buprenorphine treatment, prescriptions to doctor shoppers (individuals with schedule II opioid prescriptions from ≥4 prescribers and filled prescriptions at ≥4 pharmacies in 12 month period), and year.