Table 3.
Sample sizes, rates, and hazard ratios for mortality from all-causes, major cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes of death among United States participants aged ≥20 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006.
| Not currently smoking |
Top 40% of HEI score |
Physically active | Number of low-risk behaviors |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| All-causes | |||||||
| No. deaths/no. at risk | 95/998 | 319/3092 | 285/3125 | 46/1160 | |||
| Age-adjusted rate/1000 PY (95% CI) | 18.6 (10.8, 26.3) | 13.7 (11.5, 16.0) | 10.4 (9.1, 11.8) | 3.8 (2.8, 4.8) | |||
| Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)* | 0.44 (0.31, 0.65) | 0.77 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.49 (0.40, 0.61) | 1.00 | 0.60 (0.39, 0.92) | 0.46 (0.31, 0.68) | 0.17 (0.11, 0.28) |
| Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)† | 0.44 (0.30, 0.65) | 0.74 (0.58, 0.96) | 0.53 (0.43, 0.64) | 1.00 | 0.60 (0.38, 0.95) | 0.45 (0.30, 0.67) | 0.18 (0.11, 0.29) |
| Major cardiovascular disease | |||||||
| No. deaths/no. at risk | 24/998 | 123/3092 | 98/3125 | 19/1160 | |||
| Age-adjusted rate/1000 PY | 5.2 (1.3, 9.2) | 4.9 (3.7, 6.0) | 3.0 (2.2, 3.7) | 1.7 (0.9, 2.6) | |||
| Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)* | 0.41 (0.22, 0.73) | 0.95 (0.62, 1.46) | 0.48 (0.30, 0.77) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.39, 1.53) | 0.50 (0.24, 1.04) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.87) |
| Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)† | 0.40 (0.22, 0.71) | 0.89 (0.57, 1.38) | 0.54 (0.35, 0.85) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.40, 1.54) | 0.47 (0.23, 0.96) | 0.35 (0.14, 0.88) |
| Cancer | |||||||
| No. deaths/no. at risk | 29/998 | 78/3092 | 68/3125 | 13/1160 | |||
| Age-adjusted rate/1000 PY (95% CI) | 6.2 (2.5, 9.9) | 3.8 (2.5, 5.2) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) | |||
| Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)* | 0.40 (0.23, 0.69) | 0.82 (0.50, 1.34) | 0.52 (0.33, 0.83) | 1.00 | 0.58 (0.29, 1.19) | 0.46 (0.24, 0.87) | 0.17 (0.07, 0.42) |
| Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)† | 0.40 (0.22, 0.73) | 0.83 (0.53, 1.30) | 0.54 (0.33, 0.88) | 1.00 | 0.58 (0.27, 1.24) | 0.46 (0.23, 0.92) | 0.17 (0.07, 0.45) |
| Other | |||||||
| No. deaths/no. at risk | 42/998 | 118/3092 | 119/3125 | 14/1160 | |||
| Age-adjusted rate/1000 PY (95% CI) | 7.1 (2.3, 11.9) | 5.1 (4.0, 6.1) | 4.5 (3.4, 5.5) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.6) | |||
| Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)* | 0.51 (0.28, 0.92) | 0.64 (0.46, 0.89) | 0.48 (0.32, 0.73) | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.29, 0.89) | 0.46 (0.24, 0.87) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.17) |
| Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)† | 0.50 (0.27, 0.91) | 0.62 (0.45, 0.85) | 0.51 (0.34, 0.76) | 1.00 | 0.49 (0.28, 0.86) | 0.43 (0.23, 0.83) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.16) |
CI = confidence interval; HEI = Healthy Eating Index; PY = person-years.
*
Adjusted for age, gender, race or ethnicity, educational attainment, alcohol consumption, and energy intake.
†
Adjusted for age, gender, race or ethnicity, educational attainment, alcohol consumption, energy intake, and histories of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.