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Individual and mean (± standard error) response to 3 l volume loading as measured echocardiographically. (a) Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), (b) left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVI), (c) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), (d) peak systolic blood pressure/end systolic volume index (PSP/ESVI; left ventricular contractility).
