Table I.
Percentage of individuals with T1D or T2D with good, intermediate, or poor glycemic control according to clinical and demographic characteristics: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth, prevalent 2001 and incident 2002–2005 study participants
| Characteristic | T1D (n = 3947)
|
T2D (n = 552)
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Glycemic control, %*
|
P† | n | Glycemic control, %*
|
P† | |||||
| Good | Intermediate | Poor | Good | Intermediate | Poor | |||||
| All | 3947 | 44.4 | 38.8 | 16.8 | 552 | 53.8 | 19.6 | 26.6 | ||
| Age at diagnosis, years | <.0001 | .1529 | ||||||||
| 0–5 | 1185 | 44.8 | 40.1 | 15.1 | 0 | — | — | — | ||
| 6–12 | 2065 | 43.6 | 38.9 | 17.5 | 182 | 58.2 | 17.6 | 24.2 | ||
| 13–18 | 693 | 45.7 | 36.7 | 17.6 | 360 | 51.9 | 20.8 | 27.2 | ||
| 19+ | 4 | 75.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 10 | 40.0 | 10.0 | 50.0 | ||
| Age at examination, years | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| 0–5 | 402 | 66.9 | 25.1 | 8.0 | 0 | — | — | — | ||
| 6–12 | 1748 | 54.1 | 34.7 | 11.3 | 77 | 72.7 | 11.7 | 15.6 | ||
| 13–18 | 1499 | 32.4 | 44.4 | 23.3 | 369 | 57.5 | 19.5 | 23.0 | ||
| 19+ | 298 | 17.8 | 53.7 | 28.5 | 106 | 27.4 | 25.5 | 47.2 | ||
| Diabetes duration, months | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| < 12 | 1167 | 69.4 | 23.1 | 7.5 | 183 | 71.0 | 16.4 | 12.6 | ||
| 12–23 | 827 | 47.8 | 37.1 | 15.1 | 164 | 56.7 | 20.1 | 23.2 | ||
| 24–47 | 581 | 38.9 | 43.0 | 18.1 | 113 | 44.3 | 19.5 | 36.3 | ||
| 48+ | 1369 | 23.5 | 51.3 | 25.3 | 92 | 26.1 | 25.0 | 48.9 | ||
| Weight status‡ | .2712 | .0002 | ||||||||
| Underweight or normal weight (<85th percentile) | 2654 | 44.4 | 39.0 | 16.6 | 67 | 43.3 | 11.9 | 44.8 | ||
| Overweight (85th to 94th percentile) | 808 | 41.8 | 40.5 | 17.7 | 69 | 46.4 | 21.7 | 31.9 | ||
| Obese (> 95th percentile) | 485 | 48.7 | 35.1 | 16.3 | 416 | 56.7 | 20.4 | 22.8 | ||
| Family structure | <.0001 | .0088 | ||||||||
| Two-parent household | 2623 | 50.1 | 37.7 | 12.2 | 224 | 52.2 | 20.1 | 27.7 | ||
| Single-parent household | 1126 | 33.9 | 41.5 | 24.6 | 238 | 59.7 | 18.9 | 21.4 | ||
| Other household structure | 177 | 26.0 | 38.4 | 35.6 | 57 | 43.9 | 21.1 | 35.1 | ||
| Diabetes care provider | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Pediatric endocrinologist or diabetologist | 2995 | 45.5 | 39.0 | 15.4 | 309 | 65.4 | 17.2 | 17.5 | ||
| Adult endocrinologist | 151 | 18.5 | 45.7 | 35.8 | 31 | 41.9 | 12.9 | 45.2 | ||
| General pediatrician, family physician, or general internist | 146 | 28.8 | 41.1 | 30.1 | 91 | 33.0 | 25.3 | 41.8 | ||
| Nurse practitioner or physician assistant | 552 | 50.7 | 34.6 | 14.7 | 40 | 55.0 | 20.0 | 25.0 | ||
| Other/don’t know | 75 | 36.0 | 42.7 | 21.3 | 37 | 40.5 | 29.7 | 29.7 | ||
| None, no medical care | 8 | 25.0 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 66.7 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 2983 | 46.9 | 40.8 | 12.3 | 107 | 71.0 | 16.8 | 12.2 | ||
| African American | 355 | 34.7 | 29.9 | 35.5 | 175 | 58.9 | 18.9 | 22.3 | ||
| Hispanic | 440 | 39.1 | 33.6 | 27.3 | 117 | 50.4 | 22.2 | 27.4 | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 127 | 37.0 | 37.0 | 26.0 | 44 | 47.7 | 15.9 | 36.4 | ||
| American Indian | 23 | 17.4 | 30.4 | 52.2 | 105 | 34.3 | 21.9 | 43.8 | ||
| Sex | .0040 | .1610 | ||||||||
| Female | 1961 | 42.9 | 39.2 | 17.9 | 350 | 50.3 | 21.4 | 28.3 | ||
| Male | 1986 | 45.8 | 38.4 | 15.8 | 202 | 59.9 | 16.3 | 23.8 | ||
| Household income | <.0001 | .6613 | ||||||||
| <$25 K | 495 | 35.6 | 34.3 | 30.1 | 201 | 57.2 | 20.4 | 22.4 | ||
| $25–49 K | 848 | 40.6 | 39.2 | 20.3 | 129 | 53.5 | 24.8 | 21.7 | ||
| $50–74 K | 793 | 46.0 | 40.9 | 13.1 | 56 | 64.3 | 8.9 | 26.8 | ||
| $75 + K | 1500 | 50.9 | 39.5 | 9.6 | 48 | 66.7 | 10.4 | 22.9 | ||
| Parental education | <.0001 | .0160 | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 160 | 34.4 | 28.1 | 37.5 | 87 | 46.0 | 18.4 | 35.6 | ||
| High school graduate or GED | 618 | 35.8 | 38.0 | 26.2 | 172 | 61.1 | 19.2 | 19.8 | ||
| Some college (but less than bachelor’s degree) | 1296 | 41.3 | 40.1 | 18.6 | 164 | 55.5 | 22.0 | 22.6 | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or more | 1843 | 50.5 | 39.1 | 10.4 | 89 | 50.6 | 16.9 | 32.6 | ||
| Insurance | <.0001 | .0013 | ||||||||
| None | 59 | 28.8 | 30.5 | 40.7 | 21 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 42.9 | ||
| Private | 3127 | 46.5 | 39.8 | 13.7 | 266 | 57.9 | 16.9 | 25.2 | ||
| Medicaid/Medicare | 666 | 36.3 | 35.1 | 28.5 | 191 | 56.5 | 22.5 | 20.9 | ||
| Other§ | 69 | 42.0 | 36.2 | 21.7 | 40 | 35.0 | 20.0 | 45.0 | ||
Glycemic control defined as “good” used age-specific HbA1c target values as follows: < 6 years, <8.5%; 6 to 12 years, <8.0%; 13 to 18 years, <7.5%; 19+ years, <7.0%. “Poor” glycemic control was defined as HbA1c ≥ 9.5%. “Intermediate” glycemic control was defined as values between “good” and “poor.”
P values are based on analysis of variance, treating HbA1c as a continuous outcome and testing the association with each covariate individually.
Weight status defined based on CDC guidelines using age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles (Ref).
Includes Indian Health Service, military, school-based, and other (when these are not in combination with either private insurance or Medicaid/Medicare).