Table II.
Variable | Nonfrail n = 649 (11.5%) | Prefrail n = 2 893 (51.3%) | Frail n = 2 102 (37.2%) | p |
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Age, mean (SD) | 66.5 (5.5)‡ | 67.8 (6.4)§ | 70.5 (7.6)# | < .001 |
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Female gender (%) | 33.1 | 48.7 | 66.7 | < .001 |
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Educational level ≥ 7 years (%) | 20.8 | 18.5 | 11.7 | < .001 |
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Don’t have a companion (%) | 28.7 | 34.2 | 45.8 | < .001 |
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Poor self-reported health (%) | 45.8 | 58.3 | 84.0 | < .001 |
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Poor self-perceived financial situation (%) | 78.0 | 77.9 | 85.6 | < .001 |
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High blood pressure (%) | 28.7 | 36.1 | 52.5 | < .001 |
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Diabetes (%) | 9.9 | 13.5 | 23.7 | < .001 |
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Cancer (%) | 0.8 | 1.2 | 2.5 | .001 |
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Ischemic cardiopathy (%) | 1.4 | 2.3 | 6.3 | < .001 |
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 3.9 | 5.2 | 10.6 | < .001 |
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Fractures after age 50 years (%) | 12.6 | 13.6 | 19.8 | < .001 |
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Arthrosis (%) | 12.3 | 19.8 | 34.0 | < .001 |
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Chronic diseases,* mean (SD) | 0.7 (0.8)‡ | 0.9 (0.9)§ | 1.5 (1.1)# | < .001 |
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Smoker (%) | 37.2 | 36.0 | 30.1 | .008 |
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Drinker (%) | 42.7 | 30.7 | 18.5 | < .001 |
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Cognitive impairment (%) | 21.4 | 25.5 | 27.9 | .004 |
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Depressive symptoms (%) | 15.3 | 26.2 | 58.8 | < .001 |
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Visual impairment (%) | 35.3 | 40.5 | 57.3 | < .001 |
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Hearing impairment (%) | 20.2 | 26.3 | 38.9 | < .001 |
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Disability for mobility (%) | 11.9 | 32.5 | 85.8 | < .001 |
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Disability ≥ 1 IADL task (%) | 4.5 | 4.8 | 19.2 | < .001 |
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Disability ≥ 1 ADL task (%) | 0.1 | 0.6 | 7.1 | < .001 |
IADL= Instrumental activities of daily living
ADL= Activities of daily living
MHAS = Mexican Health and Aging Study
Chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes, cancer, ischemic cardiopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fractures, and arthrosis
Different symbols indicate a statistically significant inter-group difference (Bonferroni’s correction)