Table 5. Healthcare utilisation in the first three years of life. Daily vitamin D versus control.
| n | Control* | n | Daily* | Mean difference (95% CI) | p | n | Adjusted** mean difference (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cost † | 31 | 1176.14 (437.03, 3165.29) | 36 | 1187.97 (441.42, 3197.10) | 1.02 (-1.60, 1.65) | 0.95 | 53 | 1.07 (-1.62, 1.86) | 0.81 |
| All Visits † | 31 | 1130.03 (419.90, 3041.18) | 36 | 1118.79 (407.48, 3071.74) | -1.01 (-1.65, 1.60) | 0.95 | 53 | 1.02 (-1.70, 1.79) | 0.93 |
| Prescription cost † | 31 | 25.28 (4.06, 157.60) | 36 | 35.52 (11.59, 108.85) | 1.40 (-1.49, 2.94) | 0.36 | 53 | 1.65 (-1.43, 3.90) | 0.25 |
| Year 1 cost † | 31 | 287.15 (38.09, 2164.62) | 36 | 383.75 (86.49, 1702.75) | 1.34 (-1.75, 3.16) | 0.50 | 53 | 1.67 (-1.58, 4.39) | 0.30 |
| Year 2 cost | 31 | 247 (103, 607) | 36 | 248 (123, 487) | - | 0.92 | - | - | - |
| Year 3 cost | 31 | 239 (103, 552) | 36 | 212 (96, 463) | - | 0.57 | - | - | - |
| Primary care cost † | 31 | 387.61 (145.47, 1032.77) | 36 | 450.39 (242.26, 837.15) | 1.15 (-1.28, 1.72) | 0.47 | 53 | 1.34 (-1.16, 2.05) | 0.20 |
| Secondary care cost | 31 | 632 (206, 1853) | 36 | 368 (155, 1502) | - | 0.42 | - | - | - |
| Wheeze cost | 31 | 0 (0, 0) | 36 | 0 (0, 0) | - | 0.71 | - | - | - |
| Cough cost | 31 | 0 (0, 36) | 36 | 0 (0, 36) | - | 0.26 | - | - | - |
| URTI cost | 31 | 180 (36, 324) | 36 | 150 (54, 234) | - | 0.78 | - | - | - |
| LRTI cost | 31 | 0 (0, 0) | 36 | 0 (0, 0) | - | 0.75 | - | - | - |
| Bronchiolitis cost | 31 | 0 (0, 0) | 36 | 0 (0, 0) | - | 0.89 | - | - | - |
| Overall resp cost † | 31 | 170.72 (27.39, 1064.22) | 36 | 141.17 (27.11, 735.10) | -1.21 (-3.16, 2.14) | 0.69 | - | - | - |
| Food allergy cost | 31 | 0 (0, 0) | 36 | 0 (0, 0) | - | 0.35 | - | - | - |
| Eczema cost | 31 | 0 (0, 88) | 36 | 0 (0, 36) | - | 0.62 | - | - | - |
URTI (Upper respiratory tract infection), LRTI (Lower respiratory tract infection).
All costs are in pounds sterling.
*Mean ± 95% CI or Median (IQR)
**Adjusted for mother’s age, mother’s age on leaving education and gestational age as potential covariates, and ethnicity (Caucasian, Asian, Middle Eastern, Black), parity, BMI>30, smoking during pregnancy, mode of delivery (vaginal, instrumental or caesarean) as potential cofactors.
†Analysis performed on Ln data, results have undergone exponentiation for presentation in tables.