TABLE 1.
Pre-enrollment Patient Characteristics
| Variable | Probiotic (n = 30) | Standard of care (n = 40) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (range), y | 65 (29–82) | 59 (32–82) | .06 |
| Female sex | 18 (60) | 20 (50) | .41 |
| Nonwhite race | 11 (37) | 16 (40) | .78 |
| Pre-enrollment hospital LOS, median (range), d | 6.0 (1–17) | 4.5 (1–23) | .31 |
| Pre-enrollment ICU LOS, median (range), d | 4.5 (1–16) | 3.53 (1–22) | .18 |
| Patient location | |||
| Cardiac ICU | 13 (43) | 14 (35) | Reference |
| Medical ICU | 17 (57) | 26 (65) | .48 |
| Pre-enrollment mechanical ventilation | 20 (67) | 20 (50) | .16 |
| APACHE II | |||
| 1–17 | 12 (40) | 17 (43) | Reference |
| 18–24 | 12 (40) | 15 (38) | .82 |
| ≥25 | 6 (20) | 8 (20) | .93 |
| Pre-enrollment medication exposures ≥ 12 hours | |||
| Aztreonam | 5 (17) | 0 (0) | .01 |
| Carbapenems | 4 (13) | 6 (15) | >.99 |
| Cephalosporins | 12 (40) | 20 (50) | .41 |
| Metronidazole PO/IV | 5 (17) | 2 (5) | .13 |
| Penicillins | 2 (7) | 3 (8) | >.99 |
| Vancomycin IV | 13 (43) | 18 (45) | .89 |
| Any antibiotic | 22 (73) | 25 (63) | .34 |
| PPI/H2 blocker | 20 (67) | 25 (63) | .72 |
NOTE. Data are no. (%) of subjects unless otherwise indicated. APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; H2 blocker, H2 receptor antagonists; ICU, intensive care unit; IV, intravenous; LOS, length of stay; PO, by mouth; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.