Table 4b.
Cytokine/Chemokine Profiles in Blood and CSF among patients with Cryptococcal Meningitis and Cryptococcal IRIS by HIV Serostatus.
| Reference | Patient Description | CSF Cytokines/Chemokines | Serum/Plasma Cytokines |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boulware et al, 2010 [19, 36] | HIV Positive at CM-IRIS (n=33) | ↓IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α at baseline ↑TNF-α, ↑IL-17, ↑VEGF, ↑IFN-γ at CM- IRIS event |
↑IL-4, IL-17 at baseline ↓ TNF-α, G-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF at baseline |
| HIV Positive at CM diagnosis (n=85) | - | ↓ G-CSF, ↓ IFN-γ, ↓ TNF-α, ↑MCP-1 | |
| Bicanic et al, 2009 [16] | HIV Positive at CM-IRIS (n=11) | - | ↓IFN-γ, ↓TNF-α ↑IL-6 vs HIV Positive at CM diagnosis |
| HIV Positive at CM diagnosis (n=65) | - | - | |
| Chang et al, 2013 [22] | HIV Positive with CM-IRIS (baseline) (n=27) | ↑CCL2, CCL3, CXCL10 in CSF compared to blood | - |
| HIV Positive without CM-IRIS (baseline) (n=63) | - | - | |
| Mora et al, 2015 [78] | HIV Positive at CM diagnosis (n=30) | ↑IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17 compared to HIV negative ↑IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, IFN- γ, TNF-α vs HIV Positive no CM |
↑IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17 compared to HIV negative and HIV positive no CM |
| HIV Positive No CM (n=56) |
- | ↑IL-4 | |
| HIV Negative (n=48) | - | ↑IL-12p40 | |
| Chaka et al, 1997 [34] | HIV Positive at CM diagnosis (n=16) | ↑IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 compared to controls without CM | - |
| Jarvis et al [71] | HIV Positive at CM diagnosis (n=90) | ↑IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, CCL2, CCL3 ↓IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 | - |
| Meya, et al [73*] | HIV Positive at CM-IRIS (n=11) | ↑IL-6, TNF-α-producing monocytes compared to controls without CM-IRIS | |
| Naranbhai et al, 2014 [79*] | HIV Positive at CM Diagnosis (n=23) | ↑CXCR3, CX3CR1, CXCL10, ↓TNF-α in CSF compared to blood | - |
Comparison of different studies describing cytokine profiles in CSF and serum for HIV negative patients with cryptococcal meningitis, HIV positive patients with and without IRIS. Abbreviations: IL- Interleukin; IFN- Interferon; TNF- tumor necrosis factor; IRIS- immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; VEGF- Vascular endothelial growth factor, G-CSF- granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; CCL- chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CXCL- chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand.