Table 3.
Adjusted linear-mixed models estimating the individual associations between each independent factor and MVPA (h/week) over time (T1 N = 2451; T2 N = 1547; T3 N = 1375)
| Number in analysis* | CID | B** | 95 % CI Lower limit | 95 % CI Upper limit | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic factors | |||||||
| Gender (male vs. female) | 4768 | 1.90 | 1.23 | 2.58 | <0.01 | ||
| Age | 4768 | ||||||
| <55 vs. ≥75 years | 1.10 | −0.22 | 2.20 | 0.08 | |||
| 55–74 vs. ≥75 years | 3.34 | 2.73 | 4.04 | <0.01 | |||
| Partner (yes vs. no) | 4768 | 1.11 | 0.36 | 1.87 | <0.01 | ||
| Educational levela | 4768 | ||||||
| Low vs. high | −0.19 | −1.01 | 0.64 | 0.65 | |||
| Medium vs. high | 0.65 | −0.02 | 1.59 | 0.06 | |||
| Medium vs. low | 0.97 | 0.35 | 1.60 | <0.01 | |||
| Clinical factors | |||||||
| Years since diagnosis | 4768 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.17 | 0.37 | ||
| Colon vs. rectal cancer | 4768 | 0.37 | −0.30 | 1.04 | 0.28 | ||
| Tumor stage | 4768 | ||||||
| II vs. I | −1.11 | −1.88 | −0.34 | <0.01 | |||
| III vs. I | −0.58 | −1.40 | 0.23 | 0.16 | |||
| Treatment | 4926 | ||||||
| Surgery + CT + RT vs. surgery only | −0.79 | −2.13 | 0.54 | 0.24 | |||
| Surgery and RT vs. surgery only | −0.31 | −1.12 | 0.49 | 0.44 | |||
| Surgery and CT vs. surgery only | 0.58 | −0.46 | 1.62 | 0.27 | |||
| CT vs. RTb | 2482 | 0.37 | −0.76 | 1.49 | 0.52 | ||
| Stoma (yes vs. no) | 2874 | −1.24 | −2.10 | −0.38 | <0.01 | ||
| Comorbidities | 4768 | ||||||
| No vs. ≥2 comorbid conditions | 0.70 | 0.03 | 1.36 | 0.04 | |||
| 1 vs. ≥2 comorbid conditions | 0.49 | −0.07 | 1.05 | 0.09 | |||
| BMI | 4726 | ||||||
| Normal weight vs. obesity | 2.38 | 1.51 | 3.24 | <0.01 | |||
| Overweight vs. obesity | 1.67 | 0.89 | 2.44 | <0.01 | |||
| Symptom-related barriersc | |||||||
| Fatigue | Between | 4698 | 3.4 | −0.79 | −0.96 | −0.61 | <0.01 |
| Within | 3.4 | −0.25 | −0.50 | 0.01 | 0.05 | ||
| Pain | Between | 4742 | 6 | −0.22 | −0.32 | −0.13 | <0.01 |
| Within | 6 | 0.01 | −0.08 | 0.11 | 0.75 | ||
| Nausea | Between | 4725 | 3 | −0.15 | −0.25 | −0.05 | <0.01 |
| Within | 3 | −0.08 | −0.16 | −0.01 | 0.05 | ||
| Dyspnea | Between | 4698 | 4 | −0.21 | −0.27 | −0.15 | <0.01 |
| Within | 4 | −0.04 | −0.11 | 0.03 | 0.24 | ||
| Insomnia | Between | 4715 | 4 | −0.07 | −0.13 | −0.02 | <0.01 |
| Within | 4 | −0.03 | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.28 | ||
| Appetite loss | Between | 4720 | 5 | −0.29 | −0.40 | −0.17 | <0.01 |
| Within | 5 | −0.08 | −0.18 | 0.03 | 0.14 | ||
| Financial difficulties | Between | 4706 | 3 | −0.08 | −0.14 | −0.02 | <0.01 |
| Within | 3 | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.81 | ||
| Micturition problems | Between | 4669 | 8.7 | −0.39 | −0.57 | −0.20 | <0.01 |
| Within | 8.7 | −0.03 | −0.22 | 0.16 | 0.76 | ||
| Chemo side effects | Between | 4693 | 7.9 | −0.41 | −0.60 | −0.22 | <0.01 |
| Within | 7.9 | −0.04 | −0.23 | 0.14 | 0.65 | ||
| Gastro-intestinal problems | Between | 4655 | 7.2 | −0.12 | −0.30 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
| Within | 7.2 | −0.03 | −0.18 | 0.23 | 0.80 | ||
| Defecation problems | Between | 3609 | 6.0 | −0.21 | −0.41 | −0.01 | 0.04 |
| Within | 6.0 | −0.03 | −0.27 | 0.22 | 0.83 | ||
| Stoma-related problems | Between | 967d | 10.4 | −0.04 | −0.41 | 0.34 | 0.85 |
| Within | 10.4 | −0.10 | −0.45 | 0.65 | 0.71 | ||
| Weight loss | Between | 4716 | 7.8 | −0.26 | −0.46 | −0.07 | <0.01 |
| Within | 7.8 | −0.12 | −0.27 | 0.02 | 0.09 | ||
| Functioning-related barrierse | |||||||
| Physical functioning | Between | 4741 | 5 | 0.66 | 0.58 | 0.75 | <0.01 |
| Within | 5 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.24 | 0.13 | ||
| Role functioning | Between | 4726 | 6 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.46 | <0.01 |
| Within | 6 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.41 | ||
| Social functioning | Between | 4721 | 5 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.35 | <0.01 |
| Within | 5 | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.13 | 0.29 | ||
| Emotional functioning | Between | 4722 | 4 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.28 | <0.01 |
| Within | 4 | 0.01 | −0.09 | 0.08 | 0.93 | ||
| Cognitive functioning | Between | 4728 | 3 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.15 | <0.01 |
| Within | 3 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.07 | ||
| Global quality of life | Between | 4739 | 4 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.45 | <0.01 |
| Within | 4 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.11 | 0.57 | ||
| Body image | Between | 4692 | 10.9 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.03 |
| Within | 10.9 | 0.02 | −0.23 | 0.18 | 0.82 | ||
| Future perspective | Between | 4728 | 13.7 | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.57 | <0.01 |
| Within | 13.7 | 0.02 | −0.20 | 0.17 | 0.87 | ||
| Psychological barriers | |||||||
| Anxiety | Between | 4685 | 1.8 | −0.29 | −0.46 | −0.12 | <0.01 |
| Within | 1.8 | −0.08 | −0.31 | 0.15 | 0.51 | ||
| Depressive symptoms | Between | 4704 | 1.8 | −0.73 | −0.90 | −0.55 | <0.01 |
| Within | 1.8 | −0.21 | −0.45 | 0.03 | 0.09 | ||
Linear-mixed models are adjusted for gender, age, educational level, having a partner, years since diagnosis, tumor stage, number of comorbidities, and BMI
MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; CID clinical important difference in scores of the scales and items of the EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-CR38, FAS, and HADS; CI confidence interval; CT chemotherapy; RT radiotherapy
aEducational level: High university or high education, Medium vocational training, Low secondary, primary or less
bPatients underwent surgery as primary treatment
cHigher scores implicate higher symptom burden
dOnly patients with a stoma were asked to fill in items concerning stoma-related problems
eHigher scores implicate better functioning
*Each row in the analyses represents a patient at one time point, resulting in a maximum of three rows per patient in a long data file used for the linear-mixed models
**B is calculated for the clinical important difference (CID) in scale scores of the independent variables