Table 2. Demographic findings and clinical outcomes by driving status.
| Parameters | Total | Driver | Passenger | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||
| Total | 23,698 | 100 | 14,465 | 61.0 | 9,233 | 39.0 | |
| Seat belt use | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Belted | 15,304 | 64.6 | 11,091 | 76.7 | 4,213 | 45.6 | |
| Age (yr) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 19-29 | 5,761 | 24.3 | 2,934 | 20.3 | 2,827 | 30.6 | |
| 30-44 | 9,047 | 38.2 | 6,107 | 42.2 | 2,940 | 31.8 | |
| 45-64 | 7,259 | 30.6 | 4,713 | 32.6 | 2,546 | 27.6 | |
| 65- | 1,631 | 6.9 | 711 | 4.9 | 920 | 10.0 | |
| Median (IQR) | 39 (30-51) | 39 (31-51) | 37 (28-52) | ||||
| Gender | <0.001 | ||||||
| Female | 11,171 | 47.1 | 5,061 | 35 | 6,110 | 66.2 | |
| Past medical history | |||||||
| Hypertension | 679 | 2.9 | 398 | 2.8 | 281 | 3.0 | 0.189 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 338 | 1.4 | 225 | 1.6 | 113 | 1.2 | 0.035 |
| Time of injury | 0.036 | ||||||
| Daytime (6 am-6 pm) | 12,801 | 54.0 | 7,892 | 54.6 | 4,909 | 53.2 | |
| Day of injury | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Weekend | 8,856 | 37.4 | 4,886 | 33.8 | 3,970 | 43.0 | |
| Alcohol use | 1,489 | 6.3 | 832 | 5.8 | 657 | 7.1 | < 0.001 |
| EMS use | 10,629 | 44.9 | 6,330 | 43.8 | 4,299 | 46.6 | < 0.001 |
| Time from injury to ED arrival | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Minute, median (IQR) | 70 (40-251) | 80 (42-277) | 61 (36-239) | ||||
| Initial systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.001 | ||||||
| 0-89 | 341 | 1.4 | 238 | 1.6 | 103 | 1.1 | |
| 90- | 18,358 | 77.5 | 11,135 | 77.0 | 7,223 | 78.2 | |
| Unknown | 4,999 | 21.1 | 3,092 | 21.4 | 1,907 | 20.7 | |
| Heart rate per minute | 0.041 | ||||||
| 0-59 | 488 | 2.1 | 316 | 2.2 | 172 | 1.9 | |
| 60-99 | 16,330 | 68.9 | 9,880 | 68.3 | 6,450 | 69.9 | |
| 100- | 1,888 | 8.0 | 1,184 | 8.2 | 704 | 7.6 | |
| Unknown | 4,992 | 21.1 | 3,085 | 21.3 | 1,907 | 20.7 | |
| Respiratory rate per minute | 0.007 | ||||||
| 0-9 | 145 | 0.6 | 105 | 0.7 | 40 | 0.4 | |
| 10-29 | 18,461 | 77.9 | 11,216 | 77.5 | 7,245 | 78.5 | |
| 30- | 72 | 0.3 | 40 | 0.3 | 32 | 0.3 | |
| Unknown | 5,020 | 21.2 | 3,104 | 21.5 | 1,916 | 20.8 | |
| Initial mental status | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Alert | 19,083 | 80.5 | 11,579 | 80.0 | 7,504 | 81.3 | |
| Verbal response | 177 | 0.7 | 130 | 0.9 | 47 | 0.5 | |
| Pain response | 157 | 0.7 | 113 | 0.8 | 44 | 0.5 | |
| Unresponsive | 207 | 0.9 | 151 | 1.0 | 56 | 0.6 | |
| Unknown | 4,074 | 17.2 | 2,492 | 17.2 | 1,582 | 17.1 | |
| ED disposition | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Discharge | 19,353 | 81.7 | 11,677 | 80.7 | 7,676 | 83.1 | |
| Admission to ward | 3,130 | 13.2 | 1,955 | 13.5 | 1,175 | 12.7 | |
| Admission to ICU | 1,028 | 4.3 | 220 | 1.5 | 338 | 3.7 | |
| Death in ED | 187 | 0.8 | 143 | 1.0 | 44 | 0.5 | |
| Clinical outcome | |||||||
| Case-fatality | 297 | 1.3 | 220 | 1.5 | 77 | 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Intracranial injury | 607 | 2.6 | 378 | 2.6 | 229 | 2.5 | 0.528 |
| Clinically important injury | 4,345 | 18.3 | 2,788 | 19.3 | 1,557 | 16.9 | < 0.001 |
IQR, interquartile range; EMS, emergency medical services; ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit.