Table 5.

Studies compilation: laser, photosensitizer, and fiber applied.

Study type	Year	Author	Laser					Photosensitizer		PDT outcomes
			Wavelength (nm)	Diameter of fiber (μm) Working length (WL) EL	Power of output (mW)	Power of density (mW/cm2)	Energy fluence (J/cm2)	Type	Concentration (μg/mL)	+	−
In vitro, 16 studies	2002	Seal et al. [63]	632.8	Without fiber   Light at the orifice of the access cavity	35	—	42.9, 63.3, 85.7, 214.3, 428.6	TBO	12.5, 25, 50, 100		−
	2006	Silva Garcez et al. [57]	685	365  WL-1 mm  Helicoidal movements, from apical to cervical	50	—	—	AZpaste	0.01% AZ paste	+
	2007	Garcez et al. [34]	660	200  WL  Spiral movements, from apical to cervical	40	—	5, 10, 20 e 40	PEI/e6	NS	+
	2008	George and Kishen [59, 103]	664	400  NS  NS	30	—	63.69	MB	1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 μM	+
	2009	Meire et al. [64]	635	400  WL  IV: static spherical tip in the centre of the liquid  EV: 70% of the light radially as a cylinder uniformly and 30% at the tip; moved up and down in the canal	100	—	—	TBO	12.7 mg mL−1		−
		Souza et al. [65]	660	300  NS  Spiral movements from apical to cervical	40	—	—	MB/TBO	15/15		−
	2011	Nagayoshi et al. [62]	805	400  WL  NS	5000	—	—	Indocyanine green	12. mg mL−1	≈
	2011	Nunes et al. [66] Study with and without fiber	660	Without fiber   Handpiece placed in root canal orifice  216  WL  Spiral movements from apical to cervical	90	300	—	MB	100		−
		Poggio et al. [67]	628	500  WL-3 mm  Endotip guide to the apical parts	—	—	—	TBO	100		−
		Rios et al. [68]	628	NS  WL-2/3 mm  NS	—	—	—	TBO	NS		−
	2012	Cheng et al. [69]	Nd:YAG   [λ1064 nm]	Nd:YAG  200  WL-1  Spiral movement	—	—	—	MB	50		−
			Er:YAG   [λ2940 nm]	Er:YAG  300  Orifice of root canal  NS
			Er,Cr:YSGG   [λ2780 nm]	Er,Cr:YSGG  415  WL-1  NS
			Diode   [λ660 nm]	Diode  2000  WL-3 mm  NS
		Vaziri et al. [70]	625	Without fiber	—	200	12	TBO	15		−
		Pileggi et al. [60]	380–500	10.4 mm  Light source 20 mm away from the bacteria  NS	—	450	108	Eosin-Y  RB  Curcumin	[BS]  All 1 μM  Biofilms  Eosin-Y  100 μM  RB/curcumin  10 μM	+
	2014	Bumb et al. [61]	910	NS  WL-2 mm  Circular movements, from apical to cervical	1000	—	—	MB	25 mg mL−1	+
	2015	Gergova et al. [71]	660	200  WL  Helicoidal traction movements, from apical to cervical	100	—	—	TBO	0.1 mg mL−1		−
	2015	Wang et al. [72]	670	400  NS  NS	50	—	—	MB	60 μM		−
In vivo, 6 studies	2006	Bonsor et al. [35, 73]	633	Flexible hollow tube  WL-4 mm  Moved up and down about 3 mm at 20 s	100	—	—	TBO	12.7 mg mL−1	+
		Bonsor et al. [35, 73]	633	Flexible emitter tip  WL-4 mm  Moved up and down about 3 mm at 20 s	100	—	—	TBO	NS	+
	2008	Garcez et al. [58]	660	300  WL  Spiral movements, from apical to cervical	40	—	—	PEI/e6	60 μmol L−1	+
	2010	Garcez et al. [74]	660	200  WL-1 mm  Spiral movements	40	—	—	PEI/e6	≈19	+
	2013	Prabhakar et al. [75]  Deciduous teeth	660	Without fiber	30		8.6	MB	50	+
	2014	Jurič et al. [76]	660	450  WL  Static	100	—	—	Phenothiazinium chloride		+
Ex vivo, 7 studies	2009	Lim et al. [77]	660	400  Root canal orifice  Static	30	—	—	MB	100 μM		−
	2011	Ng et al. [78]	665	250  10 mm  360°	—	100	30	MB	50 μg mL−1	+
		Stojicic et al. [5]	660	NS  [BS]  Long optical fiber with a diameter 0.4 mm  Biofilm  Conical frustum tip with the end diameter of 5 mm NS	40	—	—	MB	[BS] 15 μmol L−1  Biofilm 100 μmol L−1	+
		Bago et al. [79]	660	320  WL  Spiral movements, from apical to cervical	100	—	—	Phenothiazine chloride/TBO	10 mg mL−1/155	+
	2013	Hecker et al. [80]	635	Without fiber	200	—	—	TBO	NS		−
	2014	Muhammad et al. [82]	650	300  WL  Moved all along the canals	20	—	—	TBO	15 μg mL−1		−
		Xhevdet et al. [81]	660	NS  WL  Light at the tip and from the lateral sides	100	100	—	Phenothiazine chloride	10 mg mL−1	≈