Table 2.

Scaled Developmental Scores by Selective Characteristics (n = 1020).

	Cognitive			Receptive Language			Expressive Language
	Mean	SD	p 1	Mean	SD	p 1	Mean	SD	p 1
Race			<0.0001			<0.0001			<0.0001
African-American	8.8	2.2		8.6	2.3		9.3	2.3
European-American	11.0	2.7		11.1	3.1		11.0	3.1
Insurance			<0.0001			<0.0001			<0.0001
Other Insurance	10.4	2.8		10.5	3.1		10.7	3.0
Medicaid, Medicare	8.8	2.1		8.6	2.3		9.2	2.2
Education			<0.0001			<0.0001			<0.0001
HS diploma or lower	8.9	2.1		8.7	2.4		9.3	2.2
College or higher degree	10.4	2.8		10.5	3.1		10.7	3.0
Marital Status			<0.0001			<0.0001			<0.0001
Cohabitation	10.1	2.7		10.1	3.0		10.3	2.9
Single	8.8	2.2		8.6	2.3		9.3	2.3
Pre-Pregnancy BMI, kg/m2			0.0001			0.0001			0.0001
Under weight	9.7	2.2		9.9	2.9		9.9	2.6
Normal	9.9	2.7		9.9	3.1		10.4	2.9
Overweight	9.5	2.3		9.4	2.7		10.0	2.6
Obese	9.2	2.6		9.0	2.7		9.4	2.4
Alcohol Use			0.0024			0.002			0.007
No	9.5	2.5		9.4	2.8		9.8	2.6
Yes	10.3	3.0		10.7	3.6		10.6	3.1
Tobacco Use			<0.0006			<0.0006			<0.0006
No	9.6	2.6		9.6	2.9		10.0	2.7
Yes	8.7	2.0		8.5	2.7		8.8	2.6
Total Pregnancies			0.0006			0.029			0.0028
1	10.0	2.9		9.8	3.0		10.3	2.7
2–5	9.5	2.4		9.5	2.9		9.8	2.8
>5	8.8	2.2		8.8	2.3		9.4	2.2
Gestational Diabetes			0.10			0.22			0.14
Missing	8.3	2.1		9.7	2.5		9.7	1.2
No	9.5	2.6		9.5	2.9		9.9	2.7
Yes	10.0	2.6		9.9	3.0		10.3	2.9
Pre-eclampsia			0.067			0.023			0.19
Missing	9.0	2.2		9.6	2.5		9.8	1.6
No	9.6	2.6		9.6	2.9		10.0	2.7
Yes	9.1	2.2		8.8	2.4		9.5	2.6
Delivery			0.0021			0.102			0.024
Pre-Term	8.8	2.2		8.9	2.9		9.3	2.8
Full Term	9.6	2.6		9.5	2.9		10.0	2.7
Gestational 25(OH)D			<0.0001			<0.0001			<0.0001
<20 ng/dL	9.1	2.4		8.9	2.5		9.4	2.4
20.00–29.99 ng/dL	9.8	2.8		9.7	3.0		10.2	2.9
≥30 ng/dL	10.1	2.4		10.5	3.2		10.4	2.6

¹ p-value for comparison among the subgroups (i.e., race, insurance, etc.) for cognitive, expressive, or receptive scaled scores.