Table 3.
The fasting serum parameters in rats fed high-fat diet for 16 weeks and orally administered with vanillic acid during the last 4 weeks.
| Items/Groups | Control | HFD | HFD + Pio | HFD + VA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 90.8 ± 1.7 B | 107.2 ± 5.5 A | 97.0 ± 3.7 B | 94.5 ± 1.9 B |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 74.13 ± 18.20 B | 89.50 ± 11.70 A | 61.50 ± 9.80 B | 71.63 ± 13.42 B |
| Free fatty acid (mmol/L) | 0.92 ± 0.09 B | 1.17 ± 0.26 A | 0.69 ± 0.16 C | 0.76 ± 0.14 B,C |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 62.38 ± 9.71 A | 51.63 ± 14.35 A | 58.13 ± 9.95 A | 40.00 ± 6.41 B |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 162.3 ± 32.6 B | 986.3 ± 413.8 A | 429 ± 69.7 B | 303.2 ± 84.2 B |
| Bili-total (mg/dL) | 0.08 ± 0.01 A | 0.07 ± 0.01 A | 0.05 ± 0.01 B | 0.07 ± 0.02 A |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 15.33 ± 1.25 A | 9.55 ± 0.91 C | 12.80 ± 1.05 B | 10.96 ± 2.11 C |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.35 ± 0.05 AB | 0.38 ± 0.05 A | 0.31 ± 0.04 B | 0.38 ± 0.05 A |
Bili-total: total bilirubin; BUN: blood urea nitrogen. Control: normal diet; HFD: high-fat diet (60 kcal % fat); HFD + Pio: HFD (60 kcal % fat) + pioglitazone (30 mg/kg body weight); HFD + VA: HFD (60 kcal % fat) + vanillic acid (30 mg/kg body weight); (A–C) indicate statistically significant differences p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SD (6 rats in each group).