Sublingual tissue magnesium 180 and 45 days before flight (L-180 and L-45), on landing day (R+0), and 30 days after landing (R+30) (left panel). Crewmembers had available for exercise a cycle ergometer, a treadmill, and a resistive exercise device—either the interim resistive exercise device (iRED) or the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) [13,14]. Six subjects participated in a bisphosphonate study in which they took an oral dose of 70 mg alendronate weekly during flight [31]. There were no significant differences among groups or after flight. In the right panel, data are from 17 subjects participating in 60- or 90-day bed rest studies 10 or 3 days before bed rest (BR-10 and BR-3), on bed rest days 28, 60, and 90, and 6 days after reambulation (BR+6).