Table 4.
Weighted analysis of nutrient intakes (density approach) [25] by compliers, intermediates, and non-compliers based on the percentage of energy consumed from Tier 4 foods and “other” foods/beverages among Canadian adults (≥19 years), adjusted for age, sex, and misreporting status (under-reporter, plausible-, and over-reporters) *.
| Compliers (Q1) † ≤19.42% Energy | Intermediates (Q2) ‡ 19.42%–31.78% Energy | Intermediates (Q3) ‡ 31.78%–45.73% Energy | Non–compliers (Q4) § >45.73% Energy | p-Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrients | Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2355 (28) | 2426 (24) | 2427 (22) | 2478 (30) | <0.0001 |
| Fat (%Energy) | 28.90 (0.43) | 31.70 (0.34) | 33.91 (0.32) | 33.73 (0.39) | <0.0001 |
| Saturated fat (%Energy) | 9.02 (0.15) | 10.02 (0.16) | 11.23 (0.18) | 11.29 (0.19) | <0.0001 |
| Monounsaturated fat (%Energy) | 11.37 (0.22) | 12.74 (0.18) | 13.59 (0.15) | 13.64 (0.19) | <0.0001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (%Energy) | 5.35 (0.13) | 5.76 (0.10) | 5.96 (0.10) | 5.91 (0.11) | 0.00 |
| Carbohydrates (%Energy) | 50.83 (0.56) | 48.77 (0.55) | 47.13 (0.46) | 47.29 (0.47) | <0.0001 |
| Added sugar (%Energy) | 5.45 (0.23) | 7.71 (0.31) | 10.40 (0.29) | 14.00 (0.36) | <0.0001 |
| Dietary fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 10.99 (0.30) | 9.37 (0.16) | 7.99 (0.13) | 6.86 (0.11) | <0.0001 |
| Protein (%Energy) | 19.63 (0.32) | 17.46 (0.30) | 15.78 (0.22) | 12.82 (0.16) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol (%Energy) | 0.64 (0.13) | 2.07 (0.13) | 3.17 (0.24) | 6.16 (0.41) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin A (RE/1000 kcal) | 454.94 (37.78) | 377.34 (37.78) | 339.23 (11.48) | 287.96 (10.65) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin D (ug/1000 kcal) | 3.23 (0.16) | 3.18 (0.15) | 2.84 (0.19) | 2.45 (0.16) | <0.0001 |
| Thiamin (mg/1000 kcal) | 1.01 (0.02) | 0.91 (0.01) | 0.81 (0.01) | 0.66 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/1000 kcal) | 1.09 (0.02) | 0.99 (0.01) | 0.90 (0.01) | 0.80 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Niacin (NE/1000 kcal) | 23.09 (0.40) | 20.45 (0.27) | 18.66 (0.26) | 16.03 (0.31) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B6 (ug/1000 kcal) | 1.18 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.01) | 0.86 (0.02) | 0.71 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Folate (ug/1000 kcal) | 140.90 (4.18) | 126.67 (2.72) | 111.50 (2.16) | 94.84 (1.86) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B12 (ug/1000 kcal) | 2.60 (0.17) | 2.44 (0.16) | 2.03 (0.06) | 1.69 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 77.08 (2.35) | 67.80 (2.22) | 59.87 (1.90) | 45.63 (1.76) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 480.37 (9.83) | 437.20 (8.22) | 392.96 (6.56) | 349.48 (6.24) | <0.0001 |
| Phosphorous (mg/1000 kcal) | 772.27 (8.81) | 691.04 (7.52) | 622.08 (7.17) | 547.76 (6.62) | <0.0001 |
| Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1855.09 (27.90) | 1644.51 (16.61) | 1477.51 (16.16) | 1295.64 (18.68) | <0.0001 |
| Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1536.45 (30.10) | 1523.69 (25.57) | 1584.82 (24.92) | 1510.05 (35.78) | 0.11 |
| Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal) | 194.68 (3.53) | 173.05 (1.99) | 152.38 (1.57) | 140.98 (4.48) | <.0001 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal) | 8.04 (0.12) | 7.38 (0.10) | 6.75 (0.08) | 5.75 (0.07) | <.0001 |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal) | 6.63 (0.10) | 5.89 (0.13) | 5.37 (0.09) | 4.33 (0.07) | <0.0001 |
| Glycemic Index | 51.03 (0.40) | 52.40 (0.32) | 53.61 (0.32) | 53.56 (0.35) | <0.0001 |
| Glycemic Load | 151.26 (3.12) | 156.99 (2.72) | 154.48 (2.48) | 159.37 (2.94) | 0.07 |
| Energy Density (kcal/g) | 1.55 (0.02) | 1.71 (0.02) | 1.91 (0.02) | 2.15 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
* Quartiles are based upon percentage of energy from all Tier 4 foods based on 2014 Health Canada’s Surveillance Tool Tier system plus “other” foods and beverages not recommended in the Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide; † The 25% of individuals with the lowest percentage of energy from Tier 4 and “other” foods and beverages; ‡ The individuals in the interquartile range for energy intakes from Tier 4 and “other” foods and beverages; § The 25% of individuals with the highest percentage of energy from Tier 4 and “other” foods and beverages.