Table 1.
Healthy-Unhealthy Music Scale (HUMS) version 2 items with their correlation with depression, underlying concept, and reason for removal, with HUMS version 3 items presented with means, standard deviations, and factor loadings for their respective factor
| Items | r | Concept | Reasons for removal | M (SD) | Factor (loading) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| When I try to use music to feel better I actually end up feeling worse | .31 | M | 1.91 (.81) | F1 (.40) | |
| I hide in my music because nobody understands me, and it blocks people out | .31 | S | 2.04 (1.10) | F2 (.55) | |
| Music gives me an excuse not to face up to the real world | .31 | S | 1.97 (.95) | F2 (.86) | |
| I use music to escape really hard feelings | .28 | M | Loaded on healthy factor in pilot phase | ||
| I relate more to my favourite lyrics than to what my friends have to say | .25 | S | 2.22 (.95) | F1 (.28) F2 (.26) | |
| When I listen to music I get stuck in bad memories | .24 | M | 2.16 (.89) | F1 (.84) | |
| I like to listen to songs over and over even though it makes me feel worse | .23 | M | 2.47 (1.16) | F1 (.72) | |
| My music is like a friend who gets me | .22 | S | Loaded on healthy factor in pilot phase | ||
| It can be hard to stop listening to music that connects me to bad memories | .20 | M | 2.74 (1.16) | F1 (.73) | |
| When I feel bad I listen to the same song over and over again | .17 | M | Items with higher correlation on this concept | ||
| After engaging with music I feel stronger | .16 | M | Expected to be healthy | ||
| Music makes me feel bad about who I am | .14 | I | 1.38 (.65) | F2 (.49) | |
| Music leads me to do things I shouldn't do | .14 | C | 1.67 (.84) | F2 (.38) | |
| If I'm in a bad mood and then I use music to express myself I feel better | .14 | M | Expected to be healthy | ||
| I use music when I don't want to talk to other people | .12 | S | Items with higher correlation on this concept, Loaded on healthy factor in pilot phase | ||
| Music can pump me up to do things that could be described as unhealthy | .12 | C | Items with higher correlation on this concept | ||
| I'm afraid to share my music with other people in case they don't appreciate it | .10 | S | No correlation | ||
| Listening to the lyrics of songs helps me to sort out my problems | .09 | C | No correlation | ||
| After hearing my music people know how I feel | .06 | S | No correlation | ||
| I feel bad when I compare myself to my favorite musicians | .05 | S | No correlation | ||
| I can tell other people how I feel through music | .04 | S | No correlation | ||
| I'm afraid to share my music with others | .04 | S | No correlation | ||
| I spend so much time on music that I have no time for study and other stuff I should do | .04 | F | No correlation | ||
| I feel proud of myself after I share my music with others | .02 | S | No correlation | ||
| Sharing music with my friends makes me feel part of the group | .02 | S | No correlation | ||
| Music helps me to express who I am | .00 | I | No correlation | ||
| When I'm really stressed music makes me feel light again | −.03 | M | No correlation | ||
| Listening to music helps me to get my jobs done | −.04 | C | No correlation | ||
| My music brings me pleasure | −.07 | M | No correlation | ||
| I get my jobs done faster when I'm listening to music | −.09 | F | No correlation | ||
| When I'm in a bad mood music helps me to feel better | −.10 | M | No correlation | ||
| Music helps me to connect with other people who are like me | −.13 | S | 3.41 (1.02) | F3 (.38) | |
| Music helps me to relax | −.16 | C | 4.10 (.76) | F3 (.62) | |
| Music gives me the energy to get going | −.17 | M,C | 3.69 (.80) | F3 (.54) | |
| When I'm feeling tense or tired in my body music helps me to relax | −.17 | C | 3.85 (.74) | F3 (.64) | |
| I feel happier after playing or listening to music | −.18 | M | 3.97 (.62) | F3 (.52) |
M, Mood; C, Coping; S, Social/Interpersonal; F, Focus/Self-efficacy; I, Identity; F1, Factor1; F2, Factor2; F3, Factor3. Items are ordered according to their correlation (r) with depression, and the reason for removal is provided for items that were not retained. The 14 items retained for the HUMS version 3 are shaded with gray and information is provided regarding their means and standard deviations and the factor loadings for their respective factor in the EFA.