Table 1.
Means (Standard Deviations) for Study Variables by Marital Status-Gender Groups.
| Men
|
Women
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Married | Recently widowed | Continuously widowed | Married | Recently widowed | Continuously widowed | |
| Depressive symptoms W2 | 2.32 (2.23) | 4.39a (2.36) | 3.29af (2.48) | 3.33b (2.59) | 4.96ac (2.68) | 3.69aceg (2.62) |
| Depressive symptoms W1 | 2.24 (2.15) | 3.26a (2.49) | 3.49a (2.47) | 3.19b (2.53) | 3.81ac (2.49) | 3.78ace (2.59) |
| Social support from children | ||||||
| Emotional support W2 | 10.56 (2.25) | 9.90a (3.15) | 9.70a (2.94) | 10.60 (2.40) | 10.50 (2.29) | 10.09ace (2.67) |
| Financial support W1 | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.51 (0.50) | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.50b (0.50) | 0.66acd (0.48) | 0.68ace (0.47) |
| Financial support W2 | 0.40 (0.49) | 0.36 (0.48) | 0.42 (0.50) | 0.45b (0.50) | 0.59acd (0.49) | 0.60ace (0.49) |
| Practical support W1 | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.47 (0.50) | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.51 (0.50) | 0.48 (0.50) |
| Practical support W2 | 0.42 (0.49) | 0.42 (0.50) | 0.41 (0.49) | 0.42 (0.49) | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.43 (0.50) |
| Social network | ||||||
| Coresidence | ||||||
| Children in household W1 | 0.75 (0.43) | 0.65 (0.48) | 0.63a (0.48) | 0.71b (0.45) | 0.70 (0.46) | 0.68ac (0.47) |
| Children in household W2 | 0.78 (0.42) | 0.60a (0.49) | 0.65a (0.48) | 0.74b (0.44) | 0.63ac (0.49) | 0.70ac (0.46) |
| Others in household W1 | 0.30 (0.46) | 0.38 (0.49) | 0.46a (0.50) | 0.34b (0.47) | 0.32 (0.47) | 0.52acg (0.50) |
| Others in household W2 | 0.37 (0.48) | 0.42 (0.50) | 0.51a (0.50) | 0.40b (0.49) | 0.30c (0.46) | 0.56acg (0.50) |
| Geographic proximity | ||||||
| Adult children nearby W1 | 0.51 (0.50) | 0.50 (0.50) | 0.50 (0.50) | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.63ac (0.48) | 0.56ac (0.50) |
| Adult children nearby W2 | 0.51 (0.50) | 0.56 (0.50) | 0.54 (0.50) | 0.53 (0.50) | 0.58 (0.50) | 0.55a (0.50) |
| Friends nearby W1 | 0.81 (0.39) | 0.88 (0.33) | 0.79 (0.41) | 0.81 (0.39) | 0.78 (0.42) | 0.79a (0.41) |
| Friends nearby W2 | 0.73 (0.44) | 0.63a (0.49) | 0.77f (0.42) | 0.73 (0.45) | 0.76d (0.43) | 0.70ace (0.46) |
| Relatives nearby W1 | 0.69 (0.46) | 0.69 (0.46) | 0.70 (0.46) | 0.68 (0.47) | 0.70 (0.46) | 0.66 (0.47) |
| Relatives nearby W2 | 0.63 (0.48) | 0.68 (0.47) | 0.68 (0.47) | 0.63 (0.48) | 0.65 (0.48) | 0.63 (0.48) |
| Social engagement | ||||||
| Employed W1 | 0.72 (0.45) | 0.60a (0.49) | 0.55a (0.50) | 0.21b (0.41) | 0.14ad (0.35) | 0.21aeg (0.41) |
| Employed W2 | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.42a (0.50) | 0.50a (0.50) | 0.21b (0.40) | 0.17ad (0.37) | 0.20ae (0.40) |
| Church attendance W2 | 0.83 (0.37) | 0.81 (0.40) | 0.83 (0.37) | 0.92b (0.28) | 0.93ad (0.25) | 0.88ace (0.32) |
| Participation in church events W2 | 2.10 (0.72) | 2.14 (0.74) | 2.04 (0.71) | 2.30b (0.72) | 2.28a (0.73) | 2.27ae (0.75) |
| Volunteering W1 | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.16b (0.37) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.14e (0.35) |
| Volunteering W2 | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.08a (0.28) | 0.18b (0.39) | 0.12c (0.32) | 0.16ce (0.36) |
| Control variables | ||||||
| Age | 61.13 (8.57) | 68.32a (11.07) | 69.89 a (9.72) | 59.21b (7.58) | 63.37acd (8.98) | 67.00aceg (9.60) |
| Health | ||||||
| Number of chronic conditions W2 | 0.66 (0.84) | 0.65 (0.84) | 0.66 (0.82) | 0.93b (0.90) | 1.12acd (0.95) | 0.94aeg (.91) |
| Number of ADLs W2 | 0.17 (0.71) | 0.14 (0.54) | 0.27a (0.84) | 0.19 (0.73) | 0.34ac (0.89) | 0.42ace (1.18) |
| Cognitive functioning W2 | 32.62 (18.50) | 23.92a (16.62) | 24.75a (16.68) | 31.38b (17.65) | 23.82 ac (17.31) | 24.77ac (16.80) |
| Missing on cognitive functioning W2 | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.19 (0.40) | 0.22a (0.42) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.26ac (0.44) | 0.23ac (0.42) |
| SES | ||||||
| Education | 5.11 (4.78) | 3.21a (3.57) | 3.40a (3.59) | 4.13b (3.88) | 3.07ac (3.22) | 3.44ac (3.60) |
| Income W2 | 7.14 (2.62) | 6.82 (2.65) | 6.75a (2.82) | 5.39b (3.39) | 6.67ac (2.97) | 6.60ac (2.84) |
| Assets W2 | 11.40 (2.49) | 11.02 (3.61) | 10.76a (3.88) | 11.37 (2.55) | 11.55 (2.98) | 10.17aceg (4.48) |
| N | 3,605 | 72 | 364 | 3,070 | 145 | 1,452 |
Note. N = 8,708. Means for dichotomous variables can be interpreted as the proportion of the observations coded 1 on a specific variable. t-Tests were computed for difference in means. ADL = activities of daily living; SES = socioeconomic status
Statistically significant difference between married men and recently widowed or continuously widowed men or women at the .05 level.
Statistically significant difference between married men and married women at the .05 level.
Statistically significant difference between married women and recently widowed or continuously widowed women at the .05 level.
Statistically significant difference between recently widowed men and recently widowed women at the .05 level.
Statistically significant difference between continuously widowed men and continuously widowed women at the .05 level.
Statistically significant difference between recently widowed and continuously widowed men at the .05 level.
Statistically significant difference between recently widowed and continuously widowed women at the .05 level.