Table 4.
Ordinary Least Squares Regressions Predicting Depressive Symptoms at Wave 2: Social Network.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
| Depressive symptoms W1 | .28 (0.02)*** | .28 (0.02)*** | .28 (0.02)*** |
| Marital status-gender groupa | |||
| Married women | .38 (0.10)*** | .48 (0.19)* | .17 (0.19) |
| Recently widowed men | 1.82 (0.58)** | 1.68 (0.46)*** | 1.02 (1.16) |
| Recently widowed women | 1.40 (0.34)*** | 2.29 (0.44)*** | 1.68 (0.76)* |
| Continuously widowed men | .42 (0.21)* | .31 (0.32) | 1.10 (0.55)* |
| Continuously widowed women | .41 (0.14)** | .83 (0.25)** | .43 (0.27) |
| Social network | |||
| Coresidence | |||
| Children in household W1 | .18 (0.21) | .11 (0.21) | |
| Children in household W2 | .01 (0.21) | .20 (0.23) | |
| Others in household W1 | .28 (0.17)† | .31 (0.17)† | |
| Others in household W2 | −.34 (0.17)* | −.31 (0.18)† | |
| Geographic proximity | |||
| Adult children nearby W1 | .05 (0.10) | .04 (0.10) | |
| Adult children nearby W2 | .08 (0.10) | −.01 (0.14) | |
| Friends nearby W1 | −.04 (0.11) | −.04 (0.11) | |
| Friends nearby W2 | .03 (0.10) | .04 (0.13) | |
| Relatives nearby W1 | −.14 (0.10) | −.13 (0.10) | |
| Relatives nearby W2 | .27 (0.09)** | .25 (0.13)* | |
| Marital status-gender group × Children in household W2 | |||
| Married women | −.07 (0.22) | ||
| Recently widowed men | −2.06 (0.82)* | ||
| Recently widowed women | −1.15 (0.81) | ||
| Continuously widowed men | .33 (0.39) | ||
| Continuously widowed women | −.51 (0.28)† | ||
| Marital status-gender group × Others in household W2 | |||
| Married women | −.12 (0.20) | ||
| Recently widowed men | 2.92 (0.88)** | ||
| Recently widowed women | −.27 (0.82) | ||
| Continuously widowed men | −.08 (0.39) | ||
| Continuously widowed women | −.09 (0.26) | ||
| Marital status-gender group × Adult children nearby W2 | |||
| Married women | .19 (0.18) | ||
| Recently widowed men | .47 (0.92) | ||
| Recently widowed women | .91 (0.73) | ||
| Continuously widowed men | .06 (0.38) | ||
| Continuously widowed women | .01 (0.26) | ||
| Marital status-gender group × Friends nearby W2 | |||
| Married women | −.01 (0.19) | ||
| Recently widowed men | 1.12 (1.13) | ||
| Recently widowed women | −.50 (0.67) | ||
| Continuously widowed men | −.10 (0.58) | ||
| Continuously widowed women | −.02 (0.27) | ||
| Marital status-gender group × Relatives nearby W2 | |||
| Married women | .17 (0.19) | ||
| Recently widowed men | −.35 (1.02) | ||
| Recently widowed women | −.57 (0.70) | ||
| Continuously widowed men | −.93 (0.46)* | ||
| Continuously widowed women | −.02 (0.26) | ||
| Constant | 2.14 (0.46)*** | 2.16 (0.45)*** | 2.41 (0.45)*** |
| R2 | .24 | .25 | .25 |
Note. N = 8,708. W1 = Wave 1; W2 = Wave 2; SE = standard error. All models control for age, health, and socioeconomic status.
a
Married men serve as the reference group.
†
p ≤ .10.
*
p ≤ .05.
**
p ≤ .01.
***
p ≤ .001.