Table 1.
General characteristics on admission
| AKI n = 39 |
No AKI n = 446 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic findings | |||
| Age (years) | 47 (26–70) | 39 (4–78) | <0.001 |
| Male gender | 27 (69) | 325 (73) | 0.708 |
| Ethnicity | 0.078 | ||
| Caucasian | 24 (62) | 189 (42) | 0.028 |
| African | 11 (28) | 218 (49) | 0.018 |
| Asian | 2 (5) | 14 (3) | 0.374 |
| Other | 2 (5) | 22 (5) | 1.000 |
| Adequate prophylaxis use | 0 (0) | 42 (9) | 0.052 |
| Symptoms ≥8 days | 16 (41) | 111 (25) | 0.055 |
| Immunity | 0.038 | ||
| Non-immune | 28 (74) | 218 (53) | 0.007 |
| Partially immune | 10 (26) | 188 (45) | 0.060 |
| Semi-immune | 0 (0) | 9 (2) | 1.000 |
| Nephrotoxic co-medication* | 5 (20) | 24 (5) | 0.073 |
| Clinical findings | |||
| Temperature (°C) | 38.5 (1.3) | 38.4 (1.3) | 0.852^ |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 114 (21.3) | 123 (18.3) | 0.017^ |
| Pulse rate (beats/min) | 104 (20.1) | 94 (17.3) | 0.003^ |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 15 (5–15) | 15 (9–15) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Haemoglobin (mmol/L) | 8.1 (1.8) | 8.3 (1.3) | 0.929^ |
| Leucocytes (×109/L) | 7.5 (3.2) | 5.2 (2.0) | <0.001^ |
| Thrombocytes (×109/L) | 29 (2–188) | 91(3–385) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 185 (16–476) | 91 (1–363) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 166 (77–1081) | 93 (39–175) | <0.001 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 13.8 (4.1–55.8) | 5.0 (1.5–33.6) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 131 (6.2) | 135 (4.0) | <0.001^ |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.7 (0.6) | 3.8 (0.4) | 0.422^ |
| Bilirubin total (µmol/L) | 52 (10–416) | 22 (3–304) | <0.001 |
| ASAT (U/L) | 96 (9–394) | 32 (9–326) | <0.001 |
| ALAT (U/L) | 68 (12–655) | 36 (3–265) | <0.001 |
| LDH (U/L) | 488 (127–2297) | 268 (103–1833) | <0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 3.0 (1.0–6.2) | 1.4 (0–5.5) | <0.001 |
| Parasitaemia (parasites/µL) | 128,000 (240–1,380,600) | 8400 (2–784,000) | <0.001 |
| Concomitant bacterial infection | 5 (13) | 9 (2) | 0.003 |
| Treatment | <0.001 | ||
| Quinine iv | 19 (49) | 54 (12) | <0.001 |
| Artesunate iv | 13 (33) | 27 (6) | <0.001 |
| Atovaquone/proguanil | 4 (10) | 279 (63) | <0.001 |
| Halofantrine | 1 (3) | 54 (12) | 0.108 |
| Artemether/lumefantrine | 0 (0) | 4 (1) | 1.000 |
| Unknown | 2 (5) | 28 (6) | 1.000 |
| Outcome | |||
| Severe malaria (WHO 2014) | 29 (74) | 32 (11) | <0.001 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 8 (21) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Death | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.006 |
P values <0.05 are considered significant
* Self-reported use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ACE-inhibitors, diuretics or lithium
^ Normally distributed continuous variables, given as mean (SD) with P values derived from t tests. All other continuous variables are not normally distributed and given as median (range) with P values derived from Mann–Whitney U tests. Nominal variables are given as number (percentage)