Table 1.

Other bioactivities of Citrus fruits reviewed from studies in latest 6 years

Bioactivities	Components	Sources	Subjects	Results	Ref.
Hepatoprotective effects	Citromitin, tangeretin, nobiletin	C. depressa juice	d-Galactosamine-treated rats	Suppression on d-galactosamine-induced liver injury	[37]
	Limonin	Citrus fruits	d-Galactosamine-treated rats	Attenuation of the markers of hepatic damage and hepatic inflammation Suppression on oxidative stress and expression of TLR-4 but not TLR-2	[109]
Anti-microbial effects	Essential oils	Three C. species (orange, lemon, madarin) from Spain	Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Enteritidis	Inhibition of spoiling and pathogenic microorganisms	[110]
	Naringenin	Citrus fruits	Salmonella Typhimurium LT2	Attenuation of Salmonella Typhimurium virulence and cell motility	[111]
	Naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin and apigenin	Citrus fruits	Escherichia coli O157:H7 and V. harveyi	Affection on antagonists of cell–cell signalling Suppression the biofilm formation Alteration the expression of genes encoding type three secretion system in V. harveyi ( naringenin)	[112]
Anti-allergic effects	Hesperetin, naringenin	Citrus fruits	Rat basophil leukemia RBL-2H3 cells	Inhibition of degranulation by suppression of pathway signals Reduction the symptoms of allergy by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt	[113]
Anti-melanogenesis effects	Extract	Unripe fruit of C. hassaku	Cultured murine B16 melanoma cells, the dorsal skin of brownish guinea pigs	Inhibition of melanogenesis without any effects on cell proliferation in cultured murine B16 melanoma cells after glucosamine exposure Prevention effects in vivo against UVB-induced pigmentation	[114]
Anti-obesity anti-hyperglycemic effects	Limonoid, nomilin	Citrus fruits	Mice fed a high-fat diet	Mediation through the activation of TGR5	[115]
Anti-obesity effects	Extract	Peels of immature C. sunki	High-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes	Elevation of β-oxidation and lipolysis in adipose tissue	[116]
	Polymethoxyflavones, coumarin derivatives	Peels of Citrus fruits	Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells	Monitoring the prevention of accumulation of lipid droplets	[46]
Inhibitory effects on pulmonary fibrosis	Alkaline	C. reticulata	Pulmonary fibrosis rats	Inhibition of the proliferation of MRC-5 Prevention effect on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats	[117]
Anti-diabetic effects	Extract	Yuja (C. junos Tanaka) pulp	Mice fed a high fat diet	Reduction the weight gain and the rise in liver fat content, serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and insulin resistance Reduction the secretion of adipocytokines such as leptin and resistin Increase on phosphorylation of AMPK in muscle tissues	[118]
Wound healing effects	Extract	C. tamurana	Fibroblasts cells (TIG-119)	Inhibition proliferation of TIG-119 cells at higher concentration (>1.0 mg/mL) Exhibition linear and time-dependent cell proliferation at lower concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mg/mL) Acceleration the migration of cells towards the wounded region	[119]
Antianxiety-like effects	Chimpi	Dried Citrus peels	ICR male mice	Possession a significant anxiolytic-like effect similar to that of fluoxetine	[120]

The table reviewed latest reported studies concerning other bioactivities of Citrus fruits, including hepatoprotective effects, anti-microbial effects, anti-allergic effects, anti-melanogenesis effects, anti-obesity effects, anti-diabetic effects, etc