Table 4.
Results of the univariate and multivariate analyses for risk factors associated with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections of the study population
| A. lumbricoides | T. trichiura | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables/ states | No. of participants | No. of infections (Rate in %) | cOR (95 % CI) | aOR (95 % CI) | No. of infections (Rate in %) | cOR (95 % CI) | aOR (95 % CI) | |
| Age (years) | 6–10 | 54 | 7 (13.0) | 1.04 (0.38, 2.83) | 22 (40.7) | 1.95 (0.96, 3.97)* | 1.69 (0.73, 3.93) | |
| 11–20 | 48 | 7 (14.6) | 1.20 (0.44, 3.26) | 21 (43.8) | 2.21 (1.06, 4.58)* | 3.72 (1.59, 8.67)** | ||
| 21–30 | 66 | 7 (10.6) | 0.83 (0.31, 2.34) | 17 (25.8) | 0.99 (0.48, 2.02) | 1.24 (0.54, 2.82) | ||
| 31–40 | 86 | 13 (15.1) | 1.25 (0.54, 2.90) | 28 (32.6) | 1.37 (0.72, 2.60) | 1.61 (0.77, 3.36) | ||
| 41–50 | 88 | 13 (14.8) | 1.21 (0.52, 2.82) | 21 (23.9) | 0.89 (0.46, 1.74) | 1.01 (0.47, 2.18) | ||
| >50 | 96 | 12 (12.5) | 1.00 | 25 (26.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Gender | Male | 172 | 23 (13.4) | 0.99 (0.56, 1.73) | 55 (32.0) | 1.13 (0.74, 1.68) | ||
| Female | 266 | 36 (13.5) | 1.00 | 79 (29.7) | 1.00 | |||
| Wash hands before meals | Always | 5 | 0 (0) | 0.00 | 1 (20.0) | 0.60 (0.06, 5.05) | ||
| Occasionally or never | 427 | 59 (13.8) | 1.00 | 132 (30.9) | 1.00 | |||
| Source of drinking water | Spring | 415 | 57 (13.7) | 1.21 (0.35, 4.15) | 131 (31.6) | 1.50 (0.59, 3.83) | ||
| Other | 23 | 2 (8.7) | 1.00 | 3 (13.0) | 1.00 | |||
| Work on farm | Yes | 305 | 40 (13.1) | 0.91 (0.50, 1.63) | 90 (29.5) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.31) | ||
| No | 133 | 19 (14.3) | 1.00 | 44 (33.1) | 1.00 | |||
| Clean food when eaten raw | Always | 39 | 8 (20.5) | 2.10 (0.81, 5.46) | 16 (41.0) | 1.53 (0.73, 3.21) | ||
| Occasionally | 244 | 33 (13.5) | 1.27 (0.60, 2.48) | 72 (29.5) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.46) | |||
| Never | 128 | 14 (10.9) | 1.00 | 40 (31.3) | 1.00 | |||
| Fertilization pattern | Directly | 20 | 5 (25.0) | 1.00 | 6 (30.0) | 1.00 | ||
| After disposal | 374 | 49 (13.1) | 0.45 (0.16, 1.30) | 112 (30.0) | 1.00 (0.37, 2.66) | |||
| Animal raise | Yes | 338 | 48 (14.2) | 1.34 (0.67, 2.69) | 106 (31.4) | 1.18 (0.72, 1.92) | ||
| No | 100 | 11 (11.0) | 1.00 | 28 (28.0) | 1.00 | |||
| Toilets | None | 188 | 35 (18.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 69 (36.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 250 | 24 (9.6) | 0.46 (0.27, 0.81)* | 0.51 (0.27, 0.98)** | 65 (26.0) | 0.61 (0.40, 0.91)* | 0.48 (0.28, 0.80)** | |
| Village No. | 1 | 114 | 25 (21.9) | 3.12 (1.42, 6.83)* | 3.14 (1.35, 7.27)** | 29 (25.4) | 1.63 (0.86, 3.06) | 1.34 (0.64, 2.79) |
| 2 | 115 | 19 (16.3) | 2.20 (0.97, 4.95)* | 1.61 (0.67, 3.89) | 48 (41.7) | 3.41 (1.87, 6.21)* | 3.73 (1.92, 7.26)** | |
| 3 | 88 | 5 (5.7) | 0.67 (0.22, 2.03) | 0.71 (0.21,2.36) | 36 (40.9) | 3.30 (1.75, 6.22)* | 4.53 (2.12, 9.68)** | |
| 4 | 121 | 10 (8.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 21 (17.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| HBV | Negative | 398 | 49 (12.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 122 (30.7) | 1.00 | |
| Positive | 40 | 10 (25.0) | 2.37 (1.89, 5.16)* | 2.55 (1.07, 6.06)** | 12 (30.0) | 0.97 (0.48, 1.97) | ||
| A. lumbricoides | Negative | 379 | 103 (27.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Positive | 59 | 31 (52.5) | 2.97 (1.70, 5.19)* | 3.09 (1.62, 5.92)** | ||||
| T. trichiura | Negative | 304 | 28 (9.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Positive | 134 | 31 (23.1) | 2.97 (1.70, 5.19)* | 3.11 (1.63, 5.93)** | ||||
CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, cOR crude odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, HBV hepatitis B virus
*, P ≤ 0.05 in univariate analyses; **, P ≤ 0.05 in and multivariate analyses