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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Jun 24;67(4):509–516.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.05.029

Table 1.

Study Cohort Characteristics

Characteristic Study Sample
EDBA
Participants
n=723*
EDBA Non-Participants
n=2303

Metro Location (%) 78.3% 69.0%
Region (%)
    Northeast 10.8% 17.4%
    South 55.6% 38.2%
    West 16.5% 19.5%
    Midwest 17.2% 25.0%
Ownership (%)
    Public 11.8% 16.8%
    Not-For-Profit 53.0% 67.8%
    For-Profit 35.3% 15.5%
Teaching Hospital (%) 8.6% 7.9%
Trauma Center (%) 23.9% 21.2%
Psychiatric Inpatient Services (%)** 38.3% 37.1%
Psychiatric Consultation Services (%)** 35.1% 37.0%
Health System Centralization (%)
    Centralized Health System 12.9% 12.0%
    Centralized Physician/Insurance Health System 0.1% 0.3%
    Moderately Centralized Health System 0.0% 0.2%
    Decentralized Health System 66.3% 49.7%
    Independent Hospital System 0.0% 0.0%
    Unknown 20.8% 37.9%
Independent Practice Association (%)** 8.0% 7.5%
Group Practice Without Walls (%)** 1% 2.4%
Open Physician- Hospital Organization (%)** 13.4% 12.7%
Closed Physician- Hospital Organization (%)** 3.7% 3.9%
Integrated Salary Model (%)** 30.6% 34.7%
Equity Model (%)** 0.8% 0.7%
Foundation Model (%)** 5.5% 3.3%
Preferred Provider Organization (%)** 4.0% 4.5%
Indemnity Fee for Service Plan (%)** 1.7% 1.4%
Annual Occupancy (median, 25th-75th percentile)£ 0.58 (0.44 – 0.69) 0.53 (0.39 – 0.66)
Annual ICU Occupancy (median, 25th-75th percentile)¥ 0.61 (0.47 – 0.75) 0.57 (0.43 – 0.72)
Annual ED Visits
(median, 25th-75th percentile)
38,029
(22,510 – 61,564)
29,776
(16,052 – 50,411)
Annual Hospital Admissions
(median, 25th-75th percentile)
9101
(4,518 – 16,679)
6,839
(2,834 – 13,534)
CMS Case-Mix Index (median, 25th-75th percentile) 1.48 (1.32 – 1.66) 1.43 (1.25 – 1.63)
*

There were 33,336,348 ED visits in 2012 to the study sample hospitals (from the AHA Survey File). The aggregate visits used to generate ED timeliness measures (from CMS Hospital Compare): ED1b-419,697; ED2b- 403,675; OP18b- 374,805; OP20- 398,132

**

Data missing for 16.7% of EDBA participants and 14.4% of EDBA non-participants.

£

Annual occupancy missing for 4% of EDBA participants and 4% of EDBA non-participants.

¥

Annual ICU occupancy missing for 9.1% of EDBA participants and 15.6% of EDBA non-participants.

CMS Case-Mix Index missing for 0.8% of EDBA participants and 1.0% of EDBA non-participants.