HSCARG-knockdown increases antiviral response and decreases viral replication. (A,B) A549-Gi cells were transfected with HSCARG siRNA. Total RNA was collected at 48 h after transfection, and HSCARG gene expression was determined by quantitative-PCR. Level of HSCARG was expressed relative to that of A549-Gi cells transfected with control-siRNA. For assay of NF-êB binding activity, A549-Gi cells were transfected with control or HSCARG siRNA for 48 h, and subsequently infected with HCoV 229E at MOI of 0.1. At indicated time points p.i., NF-êB binding activity was analyzed by EMSA. The temporal change in NF-êB binding activity is shown and quantified by densitometric scanning. The values represent average ± SD of five independent experiments; (C–E) A549-Gi cells were transfected with control or HSCARG siRNA for 48 h, and subsequently infected with HCoV 229E at an MOI of 0.1. Total RNA was harvested at indicated time points p.i., and analyzed for expression level of TNF-α (C), MX1 (D), and viral N genes (E) by quantitative-PCR. Values represent average ± SD of three experiments. * p < 0.05 as compared to control siRNA treated cells.