Table 3.
Interactions between smoking/alcohol habits and exercise/nutrition behaviors on the risk of metabolic parameters.
| Variables | FBG (mg/dL) ≥100 | HDL-C (mg/dL) <40 for Men or <50 for Women | TG (mg/dL) ≥150 | BP (mm Hg) SBP ≥130 and DBP ≥85 | WC (cm) ≥90 for Men or ≥80 for Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Man | ||||||||||
| Constant | 0.20 (0.17–0.24) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.19–0.27) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.24–0.33) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.35–0.47) | <0.001 | 0.21 (0.18–0.25) | <0.001 |
| Age (≥40/<40) | 1.24 (0.03–1.49) | 0.021 | 0.55 (0.44–0.67) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.50–2.07) | <0.001 | 2.99 (2.56–3.48) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.20–1.70) | <0.001 |
| Nutrition | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 0.891 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.215 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.568 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.036 | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.765 |
| Exercise | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.354 | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.010 | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | 0.002 | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.115 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.090 |
| Smoke (with/without) | 1.06 (0.86–1.31) | 0.589 | 2.01 (1.61–2.52) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.35–1.94) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.92–1.31) | 0.318 | 1.22 (1.01–1.49) | 0.042 |
| Alcohol (with/without) | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) | 0.056 | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | 0.002 | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 0.777 | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 0.431 | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | 0.023 |
| Smoke × Nutrition | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.872 | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 0.157 | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.377 | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | 0.033 | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.011 |
| Smoke × Exercise | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 0.651 | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 0.833 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 0.369 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | 0.474 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.060 |
| Alcohol × Nutrition | 1.02 (0.96–1.07) | 0.560 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.301 | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.472 | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.284 | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 0.283 |
| Alcohol × Exercise | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 0.847 | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 0.708 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.456 | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.324 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.018 |
| Woman | ||||||||||
| Constant | 0.06 (0.03–0.13) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.14–0.34) | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.07–0.22) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.07–0.22) | <0.001 | 0.21 (0.13–0.33) | <0.001 |
| Age (≥40/<40) | 3.06 (1.28–7.29) | 0.012 | 1.14 (0.71–1.83) | 0.601 | 1.84 (1.02–3.32) | 0.044 | 4.07 (2.30–7.20) | <0.001 | 1.53 (0.94–2.51) | 0.091 |
| Nutrition | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.076 | 1.02 (0.96–1.07) | 0.578 | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.036 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.341 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.023 |
| Exercise | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 0.125 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.727 | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.828 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | 0.581 | 0.99 (0.94-1.040 | 0.561 |
| Alcohol (with/without) | 0.21 (0.07–0.65) | 0.006 | 1.17 (0.71–1.92 | 0.540 | 0.74 (0.40–1.37) | 0.337 | 0.75 (0.46–1.21) | 0.239 | 0.92 (0.56–1.51) | 0.739 |
| Alcohol × Nutrition | 1.17 (0.92–1.47) | 0.196 | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.675 | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.815 | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 0.983 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.993 |
| Alcohol × Exercise | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.277 | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) | 0.423 | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) | 0.084 | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 0.668 | 0.94 (0.84–1.07) | 0.355 |
Notes: FBG: fasting blood glucose (Including 3284 male and 729 female subjects in this multiple logistic regression); HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3309 male and 730 female study subjects); TG: triglyceride (3315 male and 730 female study subjects); BP: blood pressure (3315 male and 730 female study subjects); WC: waist circumference (3315 male and 730 female study subjects).