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Immune hypothesis of schizophrenia: The type 2 cytokines interleukins (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-10 activate astrocytes and inhibit microglia. Astrocytes, in turn, produce the glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid which leads to a reduction of glutamate signaling accompanied by disturbances of the dopamine system. For details see text. Abbreviations: kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT), kynurenine (3)-monooxygenase (KMO), indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase (IDO), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA).
